DRALORIC
WirewoundResistors
ApplicationNote
ApplicationofLeadedResistorsinEnergyMeters
ByNirbhayGopalAnelectricmeterorenergymeterisadevicethatmeasurestheamountofelectricalenergysuppliedtoaresidenceorbusiness.Itisalsoknownas(k)Whmeter.Themainunitofmeasurementintheelectricitymeteristhekilowatt-hourwhichisequaltotheamountofenergyusedbyaloadofonekWoveraperiodofonehour.
TYPESOFMETERSModernelectricitymetersoperatebycontinuouslymeasuringtheinstantaneousvoltage(V)andcurrent(A)andfindingtheproductofthesetogiveinstantaneouselectricalpower(W)whichisthenintegratedagainsttimetogiveenergyused(J,kWhetc).Themetersfallintotwobasiccategories,electromechanicalandelectronic(solidstate).Metersareavailableinsinglephaseandthreephase(alsocalledtrivector)meter.Asinglephasemetergenerallyfindsapplicationsinallplexes,whilethreephasemeteriswidelyusedmercialandindustrialpurpose.Choosingbetweeneitherdependsonthetotalloadandtypesofloadsthatneedtobeserved.
ELECTROMECHANICALMETER
Themontypeofelectricitymeteristheelectromechanicalinductionmeter.
Theelectromechanicalinductionmeteroperatesbycountingtherevolutionsofanaluminumdiscwhichismadetorotateataspeedproportionaltothepower.Thenumberofrevolutionsisthusproportionaltotheenergyusage.
ELECTRONICMETER(SOLIDSTATEMETER)
Thefigureshowstypicalblockdiagramofasolid-stateelectronicmeter.ThepowerusedisdisplayedonanLCD,whileadvancedelectronicmeterscanbereadautomaticallymunicationportslikeopticalport,RS232orRFmodules.
Mostsolid-statemetersuseacurrenttransformerorshunt,energymeteringICandLCDdisplay.TheICmeasuresvoltageandcurrent,andgeneratesapulseoutputproportionaltopower.
Memory
RTC
Microcontroller
Display
CurrentandVoltageSensors
EnergyMetering
IC
LLoad
N BasicBlocksofElectronicEnergyMeter Anelectronicmeterprovidesanorderofsubstantialimprovementinmeasurementuracyoverthatofamechanicalmeter,whileloweringthemeter’spowerconsumption.Anotherplusistheelectronicenergymeter’sabilitytodetectandguardagainstmetertampering. APPLICATIONNOTE Revision:06-Mar-14
1 DocumentNumber:28777 Fortechnicalquestions,contact:filmresistorsleaded@ THISDOCUMENTISSUBJECTTOCHANGEWITHOUTNOTICE.THEPRODUCTSDESCRIBEDHEREINANDTHISDOCUMENTARESUBJECTTOSPECIFICDISCLAIMERS,SETFORTHAT/doc?
91000 ApplicationNote VishayDraloric ApplicationofLeadedResistorsinEnergyMeters TYPICALUSAGEOFLEADEDRESISTORSINENERGYMETER CAPACITIVEDROPPOWERSUPPLY PowerSupplySectioninEnergyMeter Thepowersupplyinelectronicmeterisgenerallyacapacitivedroppowersupplywherevoltageattheloadremainsconstantaslongascurrentout(Iout)islessthanincurrent(Iin).Themainadvantagesofusingcapacitivedroppowersupplyisthatitissignificantlysmallerthanthetransformerbasedone,morecosteffctivethantransformerbasedorswitchmodebasedandimmunetoiceffects.EnergyMeterdesignersuseologiesindesigningcapacitivepowersupplycircuitsaspertherequirement;usingAC03..CS/AC05..CSsafetywirewoundresistororZ300-Chighsurgewirewoundresistorinthesupplyinputside. FusibleSafetyResistorforInrushCurrentControl ThesafetyresistorAC03..CS/AC05..CSfuses“withoutabang,smokeorspark”whenACmainsvoltageisapplied.Atthesametime,itactsasain-rushcurrentlimitingresistorforthenormaloperation.Thiseliminatestheneedofaddinganextrafusibleinputresistor.WhenevertheMOVisshortcircuitedduetorepetitiveactionofsurge,AC03..CS/AC05..CShandlestheentiremainsvoltageacrossitself. CapacitivePowerSupplyfor1-PhaseEnergyMeterwith AC03/AC05..CSSafetyWirewoundResistor AC03..CS/AC05..CS,47R,Safety0.41µFWirewoundCapacitiveResistorPowerSupply Rectifier VoltageRegulator
L 7805 115V/230VRMS X20.1µFSafetyCap MOV14mm/510V FilterCap220µF/25V
N CapacitiveDropPowerSupply Theresistorlimitsinrushcurrent.Thevalueissochosenthatitdoesnotdissipatetoomuchpoweryetislargeenoughtolimitinrushcurrent.Thecurrentthroughtheresistorisfullwavecurrentequivalenttolinevoltagedividedbyimpedanceoflinecapacitor. CapacitivePowerSupplyfor1-PhaseEnergyMeterwith Z300-CHighSurgeWirewoundResistor Z304-C5W,10kV,100R HighSurge0.41µFWirewoundCapacitive ResistorPowerSupply Rectifier VoltageRegulator
L 7805 115V/230VRMS X20.1µFSafetyCap MOV14mm/510V FilterCap220µF/25V
N FunctionofHighSurgeWirewoundResistorinPowerSupply TheZ300-Cseriesiscapableofwithstandinghighvoltagesurgeinline.PresentlyZ300-Cseriesisavailablewithcapabilitytowithstandsurgeupto12kV.Otherdetailsregardingtheohmicvalue-surgetableisgiveninthedatasheet/doc?
21027. METERINGCIRCUIT LN VR68470K VoltageInput + - MicroController Display VRef. CurrentSense MBB/SMA0207BurdenResistor ToLoad CurrentTransformer Thekeyfeatureofanelectronicmeterisitsmeasurement uracy.Inordertosatisfythisconditionitisrequiredthat thesensingcircuitryshouldbepreciseandurate. ThevoltagesensingcircuitconsistsofaresistorworkconsistingofahighvoltageVR68resistorandacurrentsensingconsistingofaprecisionresistorMBB/SMA0207. VR68perfomsdualroleofasurgeresistorandavoltagesenseresistor. TAMPERDETECTIONCIRCUIT Connectingonlyphasewiretothemeterandneutraldirectlytoloadcantampermetersbypassingthemeteringcircuit.TopreventthisadditionalCTisusedtomonitortampering.Circuitcanbepoweredwithcurrentpresentinsinglewirei.ewithoutconnectingneutral.UndersmallloadconditiontheCTcreatesenoughvoltage,whichisusedtopowerONthemeteringcircuit.Theresistorusedincircuitistorestrictflowofcurrentsothatstableoutputisobtained. Z30168Ω(1WWirewoundResistor) CurrentTransformer 2.2µF35V ToRegulator TamperDetectionCiruit Revision:06-Mar-14
2 DocumentNumber:28777 Fortechnicalquestions,contact:filmresistorsleaded@ THISDOCUMENTISSUBJECTTOCHANGEWITHOUTNOTICE.THEPRODUCTSDESCRIBEDHEREINANDTHISDOCUMENTARESUBJECTTOSPECIFICDISCLAIMERS,SETFORTHAT/doc?
91000 APPLICATIONNOTE ApplicationNote VishayDraloric ApplicationofLeadedResistorsinEnergyMeters FEATURES/BENEFITSOFVISHAYLEADEDRESISTORS Z300-CWirewoundResistors(/doc?
21027) FEATURES•StandardversionZ300-C00•Highvoltagesurge(upto12kV)forspecialversion•Nonflammablecementcoating•Highgradeceramiccore AC03..CS/AC05..CSFusibleSafetyWirewoundResistors(AC03..CS:/doc?
28861;AC05..CS:/doc?
28894) VR68HighOhmic/HighVoltageResistors(/doc?
28734) MBB/SMA0207PrecisionThinFilmLeadedResistors(/doc?
28767) FEATURES•Surgevoltagecapability:AsperIEC6100-4-5for AC05..CS:4kV(10to20)and6kV(22to100);andforAC03..CS:2kV(10to91)and4kV(100)•FusingtimeforAC05..CS:<45sfor100Woverload;andforAC03..CS:<30sfor45Woverload•TinnedCuwireterminations•P40=3W•OhmicRangeforAC05..CS:10to100;andforAC03..CS:4.7to100•Specialcementcoatingforimmediateinterruptionwithoutflameandexplosionwhenmainsvoltage(220VRMS)isapplied•Exclusivelydesignedforapplicationsinelectricappliances,energymeters FEATURES•Highpulseloadingcapability(10kV)•Smallsize(0718)•Meetthesafetyrequirementsof: “UL1676”(510kto11M);fileno:E171160IEC60065,clause14.1.a)DINEN60065,clause14.1.a)VDE0860,clause14.1.a)“CQC”(China) FEATURES•Advancedthinfilmtechnology•LowTCR/tolerance(15ppm,0.1%)•Superioroverallstability:Class0.05•Wideprecisionrange:10to1.5M•IECQ-CECCapprovedtoEN140101-806 Revision:06-Mar-14
3 DocumentNumber:28777 Fortechnicalquestions,contact:filmresistorsleaded@ THISDOCUMENTISSUBJECTTOCHANGEWITHOUTNOTICE.THEPRODUCTSDESCRIBEDHEREINANDTHISDOCUMENTARESUBJECTTOSPECIFICDISCLAIMERS,SETFORTHAT/doc?
91000 APPLICATIONNOTE
N BasicBlocksofElectronicEnergyMeter Anelectronicmeterprovidesanorderofsubstantialimprovementinmeasurementuracyoverthatofamechanicalmeter,whileloweringthemeter’spowerconsumption.Anotherplusistheelectronicenergymeter’sabilitytodetectandguardagainstmetertampering. APPLICATIONNOTE Revision:06-Mar-14
1 DocumentNumber:28777 Fortechnicalquestions,contact:filmresistorsleaded@ THISDOCUMENTISSUBJECTTOCHANGEWITHOUTNOTICE.THEPRODUCTSDESCRIBEDHEREINANDTHISDOCUMENTARESUBJECTTOSPECIFICDISCLAIMERS,SETFORTHAT/doc?
91000 ApplicationNote VishayDraloric ApplicationofLeadedResistorsinEnergyMeters TYPICALUSAGEOFLEADEDRESISTORSINENERGYMETER CAPACITIVEDROPPOWERSUPPLY PowerSupplySectioninEnergyMeter Thepowersupplyinelectronicmeterisgenerallyacapacitivedroppowersupplywherevoltageattheloadremainsconstantaslongascurrentout(Iout)islessthanincurrent(Iin).Themainadvantagesofusingcapacitivedroppowersupplyisthatitissignificantlysmallerthanthetransformerbasedone,morecosteffctivethantransformerbasedorswitchmodebasedandimmunetoiceffects.EnergyMeterdesignersuseologiesindesigningcapacitivepowersupplycircuitsaspertherequirement;usingAC03..CS/AC05..CSsafetywirewoundresistororZ300-Chighsurgewirewoundresistorinthesupplyinputside. FusibleSafetyResistorforInrushCurrentControl ThesafetyresistorAC03..CS/AC05..CSfuses“withoutabang,smokeorspark”whenACmainsvoltageisapplied.Atthesametime,itactsasain-rushcurrentlimitingresistorforthenormaloperation.Thiseliminatestheneedofaddinganextrafusibleinputresistor.WhenevertheMOVisshortcircuitedduetorepetitiveactionofsurge,AC03..CS/AC05..CShandlestheentiremainsvoltageacrossitself. CapacitivePowerSupplyfor1-PhaseEnergyMeterwith AC03/AC05..CSSafetyWirewoundResistor AC03..CS/AC05..CS,47R,Safety0.41µFWirewoundCapacitiveResistorPowerSupply Rectifier VoltageRegulator
L 7805 115V/230VRMS X20.1µFSafetyCap MOV14mm/510V FilterCap220µF/25V
N CapacitiveDropPowerSupply Theresistorlimitsinrushcurrent.Thevalueissochosenthatitdoesnotdissipatetoomuchpoweryetislargeenoughtolimitinrushcurrent.Thecurrentthroughtheresistorisfullwavecurrentequivalenttolinevoltagedividedbyimpedanceoflinecapacitor. CapacitivePowerSupplyfor1-PhaseEnergyMeterwith Z300-CHighSurgeWirewoundResistor Z304-C5W,10kV,100R HighSurge0.41µFWirewoundCapacitive ResistorPowerSupply Rectifier VoltageRegulator
L 7805 115V/230VRMS X20.1µFSafetyCap MOV14mm/510V FilterCap220µF/25V
N FunctionofHighSurgeWirewoundResistorinPowerSupply TheZ300-Cseriesiscapableofwithstandinghighvoltagesurgeinline.PresentlyZ300-Cseriesisavailablewithcapabilitytowithstandsurgeupto12kV.Otherdetailsregardingtheohmicvalue-surgetableisgiveninthedatasheet/doc?
21027. METERINGCIRCUIT LN VR68470K VoltageInput + - MicroController Display VRef. CurrentSense MBB/SMA0207BurdenResistor ToLoad CurrentTransformer Thekeyfeatureofanelectronicmeterisitsmeasurement uracy.Inordertosatisfythisconditionitisrequiredthat thesensingcircuitryshouldbepreciseandurate. ThevoltagesensingcircuitconsistsofaresistorworkconsistingofahighvoltageVR68resistorandacurrentsensingconsistingofaprecisionresistorMBB/SMA0207. VR68perfomsdualroleofasurgeresistorandavoltagesenseresistor. TAMPERDETECTIONCIRCUIT Connectingonlyphasewiretothemeterandneutraldirectlytoloadcantampermetersbypassingthemeteringcircuit.TopreventthisadditionalCTisusedtomonitortampering.Circuitcanbepoweredwithcurrentpresentinsinglewirei.ewithoutconnectingneutral.UndersmallloadconditiontheCTcreatesenoughvoltage,whichisusedtopowerONthemeteringcircuit.Theresistorusedincircuitistorestrictflowofcurrentsothatstableoutputisobtained. Z30168Ω(1WWirewoundResistor) CurrentTransformer 2.2µF35V ToRegulator TamperDetectionCiruit Revision:06-Mar-14
2 DocumentNumber:28777 Fortechnicalquestions,contact:filmresistorsleaded@ THISDOCUMENTISSUBJECTTOCHANGEWITHOUTNOTICE.THEPRODUCTSDESCRIBEDHEREINANDTHISDOCUMENTARESUBJECTTOSPECIFICDISCLAIMERS,SETFORTHAT/doc?
91000 APPLICATIONNOTE ApplicationNote VishayDraloric ApplicationofLeadedResistorsinEnergyMeters FEATURES/BENEFITSOFVISHAYLEADEDRESISTORS Z300-CWirewoundResistors(/doc?
21027) FEATURES•StandardversionZ300-C00•Highvoltagesurge(upto12kV)forspecialversion•Nonflammablecementcoating•Highgradeceramiccore AC03..CS/AC05..CSFusibleSafetyWirewoundResistors(AC03..CS:/doc?
28861;AC05..CS:/doc?
28894) VR68HighOhmic/HighVoltageResistors(/doc?
28734) MBB/SMA0207PrecisionThinFilmLeadedResistors(/doc?
28767) FEATURES•Surgevoltagecapability:AsperIEC6100-4-5for AC05..CS:4kV(10to20)and6kV(22to100);andforAC03..CS:2kV(10to91)and4kV(100)•FusingtimeforAC05..CS:<45sfor100Woverload;andforAC03..CS:<30sfor45Woverload•TinnedCuwireterminations•P40=3W•OhmicRangeforAC05..CS:10to100;andforAC03..CS:4.7to100•Specialcementcoatingforimmediateinterruptionwithoutflameandexplosionwhenmainsvoltage(220VRMS)isapplied•Exclusivelydesignedforapplicationsinelectricappliances,energymeters FEATURES•Highpulseloadingcapability(10kV)•Smallsize(0718)•Meetthesafetyrequirementsof: “UL1676”(510kto11M);fileno:E171160IEC60065,clause14.1.a)DINEN60065,clause14.1.a)VDE0860,clause14.1.a)“CQC”(China) FEATURES•Advancedthinfilmtechnology•LowTCR/tolerance(15ppm,0.1%)•Superioroverallstability:Class0.05•Wideprecisionrange:10to1.5M•IECQ-CECCapprovedtoEN140101-806 Revision:06-Mar-14
3 DocumentNumber:28777 Fortechnicalquestions,contact:filmresistorsleaded@ THISDOCUMENTISSUBJECTTOCHANGEWITHOUTNOTICE.THEPRODUCTSDESCRIBEDHEREINANDTHISDOCUMENTARESUBJECTTOSPECIFICDISCLAIMERS,SETFORTHAT/doc?
91000 APPLICATIONNOTE
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