92αProteobacteria,257α-ylangene,92β-exotoxin,254δ-endotoxin,254,255(1R-CIS)-3-isopropenyl-2.2- dimethylcyclobutyl-methylacetate,14(3Z,6R)-3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-3.9decadien-l-ylacetate,141,4diaminobutane,3216SrDNA,255,258,29618SribosomalDNA,26818S,1184,8-dimethylnona-1,3,3-triene,2004-methyl-5-nonanol,2184-methyl-5-nonanone,2185.8S,1185.8SrRNAgene,118 AAbacarushystrix,265,274,275Abamectin,21,24,25,44,68ABC,17,19Abdomen,75,87,89Abdominalsegments,80Abundance,107,109,111,112,113, 115,123,137,140,195,199,204Acacia,76,79Acalitusinii,275Acalyptrisminimella,83Acarapiswoodi,253Acari,61,66,67–68,77,249,250, 273,295,299–300Acaricidalpreparations,299Acaricides,5,21,23,51,53,251,254, 255,278,279,283,285,297,299Acaridae,264,274,280,287,288Acariformes,11Acariformisphytoseiuli,300Acarofauna,69Acarogregarinacorolla,287Acaromycesingoldii,285identalintroduction,74 uracy,117,119Aceratoneuromyiaindica (=Syntomosphyrumindicum),20Aceria(Eriophyes)guerreronis,278Aceriacynodoniensis,275Aceriaguerreronis,275,279Aceriasheldoni,29,30,50,51,275Aceriatulipae,252,306Aceriainii,283Aceria,252,275,278,283,306,308Acetamiprid,21–24,45,68Acetosphora,289Acetylatedderivatives,200,208Achaia,30,31,48Acrididae,7Acrinathrin,21,23,24Acrobasisnuxvorella,138Acrosternumhilare,155pounds,22Activeingredient,22–24,26,66–68, 279,299Activesubstances,35,39,41,44,47, 49,50,53Activity,214,233Aculodes,265Aculopslycopersici,275Aculopspelekassi,11,29,30,50,51Aculusfockeui,265Adaliabipunctata,46Adaliadecempunctata,46Adaptation,190,192,196,205Adelinaacarinae,288Adhesiveknobs,115Administrativeboundaries,165Adulticides,104Adults,13,14Aegina,31Aerialcontrol,240Aerialplatforms,167,172Aerialtreatment,240–241Afghanistan,83Aflatoxin,284Africa,83,87,89,164,165,170, 172,173,181,182,184,185,187, 327
A.Ciancio,
K.G.Mukerji(eds.),IntegratedManagementofArthropodPestsandInsectBorneDiseases,IntegratedManagementofPlantPestsandDiseases5,DOI10.1007/978-90-481-8606-
8,©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2010 328 INDEX 237,238,241,268,269,271,280,298,305,309Africancitruspsylla,6Aganaspis(Trybliographa)daci,34Ageniaspiscitricola,43,54,63,81,82AggregationPheromoneTraps,209,218,223,231Aggregationpheromone,209,211,218,219,222,223,231–233Agistemus,264Agriculturalsystems,312,320Agriculture,22Agrobacteriumtumefaciens,137,141Agrochemicals,5Agroecosystem,47,312,324Agromyzahiemalis,84,97Agromyzidae,84,97Agronomicmanagement,94Agronomist,31Aircurrents,236Airways,236Alaskozetesantarcticus,265,268,301Albendazole,294Alder,76Aleurocanthusspiniferus,74,98Aleurocanthuswoglumi,74Aleuroclavajasmini,74Aleurodicusdispersus,74Aleurothrixusosus,8,23,29–31,40–42,55,57,62–64,74,93,97,98Aleyrodidae,8,23,29,30,40,41,54–58,63,64Alfamethrin,21Algae,286Algeria,4,82Alimentarytract,250,252,253,254Allergenicstructures,236Alliumcanadense,196Allium,252Alloxysta,46Almond,76Alnusrubra,193,208ALOS,168alpha-cypermethrin,21,23,24Alternateprey,153 Alternativehostplants,140Alternativehosts,61,67,84,86Alternativeprey,68Aluminumphosphide,217,218Amaranthus,143Amblyseiusandersoni,51,319Amblyseiusbarkeri,299Amblyseiuscucumeris,299Amblyseiuseharai,319Amblyseiusigarassuensis,264Amblyseiusswirskii,319Amblyseius,264,276,288,292,300, 308America,135,159,160,162Ameronothridae,265,268Amitusspiniferus,63,93AML,177Ammonia,35Ammoniumacetate,32Ammonium,92Amoebae,286Amoebozoa,286Amrineuscocofolius,274Amsterdam,249,300,303,305,308AmudaryaRiver,178,186,187Anacridiumaegyptium,7Anagyrusi,38,65,66, 71,87,88Analatrium,294Analtuft,239Anaphepanda,239Anaphe,239,244Anaphylacticreactions,236Ancylistaceae,261,262Angelicaarchangelica,92Animalmanure,106,111,114Animals,237,239Anisolabismaritima,215Annualbroadleafweeds,146Anoplophorachinensis,74Antarctica,163Antennae,80,87Anthelidae,236ose,141Antibiotics,259,296ants,228,232 INDEX 329 Ants,13,46,47,78,81,87,88,93,95,96 Aonidiellaaurantii,6,9,14,23,29–31,36,37,39,63,65,74–76,78,94,97,99,100 Aonidiellacitrina,74Apex,50,75,262Aphelinidae,37,40,54,55,58,77, 79,93,97,98,99Aphidcolonies,47Aphidparasitoids,69Aphidpopulations,69,153,154,155Aphidpredators,46Aphidspecies,139,162Aphidvector,94Aphid,14,53Aphidae,67Aphidicides,139Aphididae,8,23Aphidiuscolemani,69Aphidiusmatricariae,46Aphidiusurticae,46Aphidophaga,153,154,157Aphidophagousinellid,46Aphidophagousinsects,48,133,154Aphids,13,14,22,23,29–31,42, 45–48,53,55,68,69,134,139,140,142,148,152,153,154,156,157,159,161,193,194,200Aphisivora,8,45Aphisfabae,8Aphisgossypii,8,23,29,45,56,62,63,65,67,75,94,99Aphisnerii,67Aphisspiraecola,8,23,29,45,65,67,74,94Aphytischilensis,38Aphytischrysomphali,38,77Aphytiscoheni,37Aphytislepidosaphes,30,37,63Aphytislingnanensis,37,63,77Aphytismelinus,37,63,65,77,78,97,98,99,100Aphytisproclia,77Aphytisyanonensis,10Apicaltwigs,13 plexa,286,287,289Apismellifera,253Apotetrastichuspostmarginalis,86Apotetrastichussericothorax,86Apples,31Applicationthreshold,36Application,35,50,51,226,233, 249,250,273,279,281,283,284,297,299,308Aprostocetus,86Aqueoussuspension,251Arabidopsisthaliana,200,202Arabidopsis,197,198,207,208Arachnida,70Aralia,76Araneae,70Araucaria,76Arbutusunedo,238Archeryequipment,134Archipsrosanus,10,75,94Arctiidae,134,236Arctoseiinae,264Arctoseius,264Argentina,82,278,299,307Argentineants,154,161Argolis,30,31,42,43,54Arizona,135,251,297Armouredscale,14,37,38,75,94,99Arrhenotokous,50,259Arrhenotoky,317Arrowleafsida,143Artemisia,181Arthrobacterglobiformis,256Arthrobotrysoligospora,115Arthropoddensities,151Arthropodhosts,257Arthropodpest,23,29–31,73,313Arthropoda,261Arthropodofauna,69Arthropods,6,53,67,106,112,123,125,126,236,246,259–262,277,286,289Artificialhabitat,116Artificialmedia,264,270,278,295,297Artificiallywoundedleaves,191,200 330 INDEX Asaphesvulgaris,46Asaphes,46Asca,264Asci,260,286Ascidae,275ycota,260,272,285Ascospores,260,286Asecodeshii,86AsianCitrusPsyllid,102Asparagus,79Aspergillusflavus,284,307Aspergillus,284,296,307Aspidiotusnerii,9,23,39,68,74,79Asterophoracaloglyphi,287Astigmatidmite,315Astipalea,42Asynonychusgodmani,11ATPsynthase-subunit,199Attack,79,81,212,235,237,240Attica,31,42,44,47,58Attractants,14,21–23,92Augmentation,40,55,62,101–103, 105,106,111,124,129Augmentativebiologicalcontrol,
3, 7,21,70Augmentativerelease,53Aulacorthumsolani,8,45Australasia,64Australia,43,54,57,64,66,72,82, 83,84,89,92,96,98,170,172,179–184,239,243,244Australianplaguelocust,179,180,182,184Authorization,22Autogenousdefensivesecretions,196Autumn,13,14,104,241,267Avocado,76Azadirachtin,21–25,41,44,47,68Azobacter,150Azocyclotin,53Azores,6,12 BBacillussphaericus,256Bacillusthurigiensisvar.aizawai,21, 22,24,49 Bacillusthuringiensisvar.kurstaki,21,22,24,49,240 Bacillusthuringiensis,67,68,107,134,235,236,243–244,254–256,299,301,303–304,306 Bacteriasymbiosis,123Bacteria,105,112,116,119,123, 147,150,151,157,209,249,255,259–260,295,300,302Bacterialcells,216Bacterialdisease,102Bacterialleafscorch,141Bacterialspores,243Bacterium,102,113,215,235,236,254,255,258,259,296,300Bacteroidetes,256,259Bactroceraoleae,35Baculoviruses,295Baermannfunnel,121,122Bahamas,82Bahiagrass,143,146Bahrain,209,232Baitspraying,34Balkans,89Ballistospores,261Bankerplants,67Baryscapus,86Baseballbats,134Basidiobolus,264Basidiomycota,260,261,272,285BasqueCountry,6Basudin,217BCprograms,61,64,65BCAs,313,314Beauveriabassiana,21,22,24,216,231,283,284,299,321,325Beauveriabrongniartii,283Beauveria,283,296,299,300,305,307BeeKashmirVirus,253Bee,148,253,284,297,302,304,305,307Beetarmyworm,199,201Beetle,211,232Behavior,255,300Beijing-1,168 INDEX 331 Belgium,175Belt,240Bemisiahancocki,8Bemisiatabaci,8Beneficialarthropods,5,21,25,151, 280Beneficialinsects,133,139,148Beneficialmites,133,249anisms,26,102Benfuracarb,21,23–25,68Benin,271,281,298,309Bergamot,4,22,29,73Bermudagrass,143Bifentrin,21,23,24,25Bigbuddisease,283Bigaradeorange,3Binodoxysacalephae,46Binodoxysangelicae,46Bioactivity,218Biocides,240Biocontrolagent,215,230Biocontrolmethods,313Biocontrol,101,103,107,110,114Biodiversity,192Bio-ecologicalequilibrium,73Bioindustries,315Biologicalcontrolagents,36,235, 236,249,251,256,285,292,298,299,303,308,314Biologicalcontrolprograms,74,78,81,89,92,93Biologicalcontrol,3,6,7,21,26,27,33,36–38,40–43,45–48,51,53,54–55,58,64,70,71,74,77,78,82,85–88,92–96,100–103,106,110,111,113,120,123,124–129,134,139,152,154,204,205,218,224,231–233,249–252,255,269–271,278,283,285,292,295,298,299,301,302,307–308,311–317,320,321,323,324Biologicalparameters,260,317Biomassconsumption,192Biomasstransfer,203Biopesticide,106,123,240,241,243Biorationalinsecticides,138 Biosyntheticpathways,200Biotechnicalmethods,34Bioticenvironment,203Birdpeckdamage,134Bird,134,135,151,157,160Birefringentbodies,251Birefringentcrystals,252,293,294Bitterorange,29,34,36,39,45Blackpecanaphid,136,138,139, 153Blackmarginedaphid,138,139Blasticconidiogenesis,296Bluelupine,148Blueberrymites,283Bodycavity,263,284,290Bohemia,268Bombixmori,197Bombycidae,236Borax,32,33Borers,64Botanicalpesticides,278Bougainvillea,76Bovineserumalbumin,120Boxwood,76Brachycaudushelichrysi,45Braconidae,16,20,64,65,81,92Bradysiaimpatiens,198Branches,14,76,79,87,88,93,237, 284Brassicanapus,197,207Brazil,82,168,252,267–271,278, 279,281,282,283,284,298,300,302–330,307,308Breedingprograms,143Breeding,173,179,186alpuscalifornicus,12,259alpusphoenicis,12Bristles,286Broadspectruminsecticides,42,138,139BromeMosaicVirus,252Browncitrusaphid,6,74Brownstinkbug,155BrownTailMoth,241Bryobiapraetiosa,258Bryobia,256,264,266,267 332 INDEX Btkspore,243Btk,240–243BTM,241Bugs,81Bulb,68Buprofezin,21–25,68,77,79,89Bursaphelenchusmucronatus,130Bursaphelenchusxylophilus,130Buzzing,214 CCabbagewhitebutterfly,196ry,134Cacoecimorphapronubana,10Cadavers,250,273,282,285Calabria,82Calacarusheveae,275,281–282,308Calciumpolysulfur,21Calcium,200Calesnoacki,15,25,40,54,63,64, 67,68,93,94Californiaredscale,6,29,30,36,37, 39,74,75,77,78,95,96,98,99California,64,66,72,74,75,77,78, 89,94,95–99,104,125,135,157,250,251,253,297,308Calliptamusitalicus,181,187Calocoristrivialis,7,13,75Caloglyphusmoniezi,287Calyx,50Cambiumlayer,134Camellia,76Cameras,166Camponotusnylanderi,11,89Campsisradicans,143Canada,240CanaryIslands,6,19,20,63,64Candelillawaxpowder,284CandidatusLiberibacterasiaticus,102CandidatusLiberobacter,6Cannibalism,294,321,322,323,324Cannon,262Canopy,14,104,108,116,134,154Capilliconidia,269,270,306Capilliconidium,263,296 Capture,77,78,88,219–223,229Carabodescoriaceus,287,289Carabodesfemoralis,289Carabodidae,287,289Carbaryl,138,158,216Carbofuran,218Carbosulfan,21,23–25Cardinium,257,259,300,302,303Carfentrazone,144Caribbean,104,110,125Carnauba,284Carob,76,79Caryaillinoinensis,133,159Cassavabelt,269,280Cassavagreenmite,262,268–271, 280,298,302–303,306,309Cassavamites,298Cassava,262,268–271,280,298, 300,302–303,306,309Caterpillar,134,191,196,197,201, 206Caterpillarsdieting,197CBC,15–20CBERS-2,168Cecidomyidae,77Cecidomyids,67Cecidophyesgalii,283Cecidophyopsisribis,283Cecropiainsignis,194Cecropia,194Cedrus,237Cells,251,252,253,255,258,261, 272,285,286,290,291,292,293,304Celphos,217Cement,217CentralAmerica,88,89CentralAsia,177,181,185Cephalosporium,296,300Cepheoidea,289Cepheusdentatus,289Ceratitiscapitata,6,11,13,14,20,24,31–33,34–35,55,57–59,62–64,69,72,74–75,89–92,95piabipilis,288pia,288 INDEX 333 Ceratozetidae,287Cerealcrops,179Ceroplastesfloridensis,9,38,74Ceroplastesjaponicus,9Ceroplastesrusci,9,29,30,31,36, 38,75,94Ceroplastessinensis,9,23,62Certification,5Cetoniacarthami,11CGM,269,270,271,281Chaffscale,75Chalcididae,20Chania,43,47,49,50,54,57,59Charaxesjasius,11Charcoal,134Chelisochesmorio,215,231Chemicalactivity,236Chemicalandbiologicalcontrols, 137Chemicalarsenals,189pounds,76Chemicalcontaminants,120Chemicalcontrolmethods,140Chemicalcontrol,21,34,39,41,44, 47,49–51,209,269Chemicalinsecticides,211,217Chemicaloptions,313Chemicalpesticides,106,283,298Chemicaltreatments,14,74,78,79, 86,88,93Chemicals,39,42,49,77,216,228Chemo-receptors,224Cheyletuseruditus,294Chilocoruskuwanae,77Chilocorusbipustulatus,38,77,79Chilocorusnigritus,19,77China,43,75,83,95,168,177,178, 284Chinesebitterorange,3Chinotto,4,73Chios,16,18,34,37,42,44,47,55, 57Chitin,273,291Chitinolyticenzymes,273Chlorfenapyr,44Chlorine,294 Chlorpyrifos,21–25,39,47,49,50,67,68,77,89,97 Chlorpyrifos-ethyl,217Chlorpyrifos-methyl,21–23,25,39, 47Chorion,80Choristoneurafumiferana,241,243, 244,245Choroedocusillustris,193,201,202, 203Chortoicetesterminifera,179,185Chromatomyiahorticola,84Chromosome,316Chromotropic,6Chronicbacterialinfection,259Chrysocharispentheus,86Chrysomphalusaonidum,9,74Chrysomphalusdictyospermi,9,19, 23,37,62,63Chrysomphaluspinnulifer,10Chrysoperlacarnea,47Chrysopidae,47Chytridiomycota,260Chytrids,260Cicadellidae,7Cicindelidae,70,72Cidial,217Cihexatin,21Cilia,286Ciliaryarrangements,286Ciliata,286Ciliophora,286Cirrospilusnr.lyncus,86Cirrospilusdiallus,86Cirrospilusingenuus(=Cirrospilus quadristriatus),20Cirrospilusingenuus,20,63Cirrospiluspictus,43Cirrospilusquadristriatus,43Cirrospilusvittatus,86Cirrospilus,43,44Citron,3,29,39,47–50,73Citrostichusistoides,20,43, 44,63,71,81,83–86,98,99Citrusaphids,46,67Citrusarthropodpest,30 334 INDEX Citrusaurantifolia,3Citrusaurantium,3,29Citrusbergamia,4,29Citrusdecumana,4Citrusdeliciosa,3Citrusflowermoth,30Citrusflowers,48Citrusgrandis,3Citrusgreening,102,103Citrusleafminer,6,29,30,42,43, 45,58,74,80,81,85,95,96,98Citruslimon,3Citrusmaxima,3,29Citrusmealybug,6,29,36,37,38, 39,74,87,88Citrusmedica,3,29Citrusmyrtifolia,4Citrusorchards,61,64–69,72,78, 89,101,102,107,110,114,123,124Citrusparadisi,3,29Citruspestmanagement,21,27,61Citruspests,15,61–63,69,71Citrusredmite,250,252,254,267,273,285,297,302,307Citrusreticulata,3,29Citrussinensis,3,29Citrussnowscale,6CitrusTristezaVirus,74,94Citruswhitefly,29,30Citrus,3,4,6,7,12–14,17,21–23,25–51,53–74,76,78–83,85–99Cladosporiumcladosporioides,284,302Cladosporium,284,302Classicalbiologicalcontrolprograms,322Classicalbiologicalcontrol,15,37,42,61,81,106,321Classificationalgorithms,169Classificationmethods,320Classification,272Clayloamsoils,109Clays,92,95Clementine,22,73Cleonispunctiventris,299 Cleorafortunata,10Clethodim,144Climate,74,87,312,322Climaticconditions,78,81,88,93, 311,321Climaticevents,237Clofentezine,21,22,24,25,53,68Clovercovercrops,133Clover,146,147,149,151,152idae,9,17,23,29,38,55,58idea,291idia,291,306idoxenoidesperminutus (=Pauridiaperegrina),17idoxenoidesperminutus,88inellaseptempunctata,46inellidpredator,37,38inellid,13,14,67inellidae,15–19,38,46,47,55, 56,61,65,77,79,87,88,134,153,157,160,161obiusfulvus,19oidea,36,64,68ophagusceroplastae(=Aneristusceroplastae),17ushesperidum,9,17,23,62uspseudomagnoliarum,9,17,38,74usviridis,9Coconutmite,278,279,303,308Coconutpalm,209Coconuttrees,279Coconut,209,210,217,232,233Cocoon,80,211COII,200,205Coleoptera,11,61,65,70,77,79,87,88,92,134,157,160,161Collembola,111Colloidsurfaces,114Colombia,82Colomerusnovahebridensis,275Colonization,237Colonyhealth,284,305Colony,75,78,87–89,93,237,240,242,243,255,284,291,292,305ColoradoPotatoBeetle,254 INDEX 335 Colour,13ColumbiaUniversity,175,176pounds,23Commercialdamage,76Commercialproduction,278,293CommerciallyformulatedEPNs,107Commodities,311Comperiellabifasciata,19,37,63, 77,78,98Computersimulations,143Concentration,217,225,226Confidor,216Conidia,141,158,261–263,268, 270–273,277,278,284,296,305Conidialpreparations,278Conidiobolusbrefeldionis,264Conidioboluscoronatus,262,265Conidiobolusobscurus,265Conidiobolusthromboides,265Conidiobolus,262,264Conidiophore,261–263,272,273, 296Conidium,262,263,296Conifer,76Conjunctivitis,236ConservationBC,67,70Conservationbiocontrolstrategies,61Conservationbiologicalcontrol,102, 106Conservation,62,65,70Constrictingrings,112,115Consultants,30,42Controlmeasures,29,30,39,47Controlstrategies,312,315,320,322Controltactic,101,103Controltechniques,5Control,15–20,29,30,32,34–42, 44,45,47–51,53–57,73,74,76,78,79,81,86–89,91–100,133,134,136–146,149,152–161,249,251,255,269,278–279,281–285,292,295,296–299,301–308Conveyorbelt,240Conyzacanadensis,143Coolseasonlegumes,137,146,147,149,152 Copperoxychloride,217Coppersprays,102Copper,92,95Cordyceps,273Coreidae,155Corfu,15,40,58Coriander,92Corn,254,267,279,301,301Cornuaspisbeckii,62,63Corsica,4,15,18,19Corticallesions,76Corylusavellana,283Cos,42Cosmopterigidae,84Cosmopterixpulchrimella,84Cotesiarobecula,200,201Cottonaphid,75Cottonrolls,33Cotton,254,267,268,270,284, 307Cottonyeggmasses,13Cottony-cushionscale,36,38Cotyledons,198,203Covercropmanagement,69Coverspaying,34,35Cowpeacurculio,154,160Cowpea,155,199CPV,216CPWC,144Crabgrass,143Crapemyrtleaphid,153,159Crataegus,238Crawlers,75,79,87,99Crematogasterscutellaris,11Crematogaster,92Crete,15–20,30,31,32,34,37,40, 42,43,47,49,50,54,56,57,58Crimsonclover,146–152Cristulariellapyrimidalis,141Criteria,5,21Criticalperiodofweedcontrol,144CRM,250,251,272,273,278,285Cropcultivars,107Cropprotectionpractices,70Crop,13,134–136,141,144,146–150, 152,155–157,158,192,193,207, 336 INDEX 254,255,267–269,292,293,297,298,299,305,307Croppingsystems,312,322Cropping,113–115Crossvine,76Crowngall,141Crown,210,215,241,242pounds,268Cryptichabitats,224Cryptoblabesgnidiella,10Cryptochaetumiceryae,63Cryptolaemusmontrouzieri,17,25,37,38,63,65,67,68,88plex,241Crystallinebody,254,255Crystallinetoxicbody,254Crystals,252,294,301,307CTV,6Cultivarsusceptibiltiy,133Cultivars,135,137,141–143,154–156,158,159Culturalcontrol,44Culturalpractices,4,34,36,38,40,41,44,48,51,108,113,114Culturaltechiques,39Culturemedia,264,270,271,283Curculiocaryae,138,160Curculionidae,11Cuticle,112,113,129,217,263,269,273,278,285,286Cybocephalidae,77Cybocephalusfodori,38Cycle,81,82,83,84,90Cyclopentanones,200Cydiacaryana,138Cynodondactylon,143Cypermethrin,21–26,36,39,47,49,138Cyperus,143Cyprus,43,82,83,84Cysteinprotease,196athologicaleffects,252athologicalstudies,253lasm,251,252,253,286lasmicpatibility,258,259,303,309 lasmicpolyhedrosisvirus,216Cytotoxiceffects,277CzechRepublic,268 DDactylellinadactyloides,115Dactylellinahaptotyla,115,126Dacusbait,33Dagang,178Damaeidae,287–290Damaeuses,287,288,289Damaeusgeniculatus,287,290Damaeusoblongus,288,290Damaeusonustus,287,288Damagecategories,178Damage,48,50,239Damselbugs,148Danauschrysippus,260Darfur,174Database,67Datanaintegerrima,134Datepalmplantations,220,221Datepalm,210,214,215,219–232Death,253,254,261,263,277,283, 291position,148,149,150Defensegenes,190,191,199,200, 204,205Defensepatterns,202Defensiveproteins,199DefoliatingLepidoptera,235Defoliation,87,134,136,155,238Deformedwingvirus,254,307Delphastuspusillus,15Deltamethrin,21–25,92Demanyssidae,286Demethylationinhibitors,141Dendrocerus,46Dendrolaelapscornutus,275Dendrolaelapstetraspinosus,275Dendrolaelaps,265Densitychanges,235,316Densitydependentpattern,193Density,5,14,220,273,283Dephosphorylation,200Dermanyssoidea,252,308 INDEX 337 Dermanyssusgallinae,257,260,302Dermaptera,70,215,231Dermatitis,236,243,244,245hagoidespteronyssinus, 256Desertlocusthabitats,174,175Desertlocust,164,165,170,173–176, 179,182–187ation,284,299Desmids,261Detection,13,33,36,37,39,46,53, 249,292,293,300Detergent,14,46Deterrent,239Deuteromycetes,260,261,272,282, 296,307Deuteromycota,272,296,298,305Developingconservationbiological, 106Development,6,13,76,83,84,90, 96,312,314,315,316,317,321,322,324Developmentalstages,217Diachasmafullawayi,20,63Diachasmimorphalongicaudata,20,63Diachasmimorphatryoni,20,63Diaeretiellarapae,46Diagnosticservices,119Dialecticascalariella,84Dialeurodescitri,8,15,23,29–31,40,54,58,74,93,99Dialeurodescitrifolii,8Diameter,14Diammoniumphosphate,92Diamond-backmoth,197Diapause,177,316Diaphorinacitri,74,102Diaprepesabbreviatus,101,103–107,109,110,123–125,127–130Diaprepes,101,103–105,107,109,110,123–130Diarrhea,250Diaspididscales,13Diaspididae,9,18,23,29,30,37,62,63,68,75,79,96–99 Diaspidids,14Diaspidiotusperniciosus,10Diazinon,21,22,24,25Diazinone,217Dichlorvos,21,24Dicofol,21,22,24,25,53,68Dicrodiplosis,87Dieback,76Diflubenzuron,21,22,24,25,139, 161Digamasellidae,265,275Digitaldata,167Digitaria,143Diglyphusisaea,86Dimethoate,21–25Dinychuscarinatus,267Diospyrosmelanoxylon,83,95Diptera,11,29,54–58,62,77,84, 87,97Directive,22,26Dirhinusgiffardii,20,33Discoloration,294,301Diseaselosses,141Diseasetransmission,321Disease,5,6,102–104,236,244, 249,250,251,252,253,256,258,259,263,264,268,271,273,281,283,284,291–295,307,308,311Dispenser,14Dispersal,320,321,325Disruption,12Distributionmaps,178Distribution,108,119,124–127,130,236,237Dithiocarbamate,5Ditylenchusdipsaci,122Diurnalcaterpillars,191Diurnalinsects,192Diuron,144Diversinervuselegans,17,37DMNT,200DNAmarkers,143DNA,116,118,119,120,124,125,127–130DNA-dependentRNApolymerase,254Dociostaurusanus,181 338 INDEX Dodine,141,142Dorsalducts,79Doses,241DouglasFirTussockMoth,239DownySpot,141,142Dracaena,76Droplets,240Drosophila,260Droughtstressedplants,194,202Drought,194,202,206,261,264, 270Dryinidae,15Dumbbell-shapedbodies,294Dursban,217Duskystinkbug,155 EEarlydetection,163Earthsurface,164–167,169Earth,163,185,186Earwigs,70,215Ecesis,83Echium,84Ecologicalimpact,322Ecology,101,103,123,126Economiccroplosses,193Economicdamage,12,281,282Economicimportance,43,93Economicinjurylevel,36,38,51Economicthreshold,5,65,66,79, 88,250ponents,189Ecosystemfunctioning,189,196Ecosystemprocesses,190Ecosystem,73,86,189,193Ectomyeloisceratoniae,10arasiticwasp,84arasitoid,77,214Edaphicconditions,106Eggpredators,239Eggsterilants,104Egg,75,79–81,83,84,87,89–91, 94,104,108,109,123,209,211,212,214,215,229,231,239,243,244,252,255,258,259,292,293Eggplant,320,325 Egypt,4,27,84,96,209,210,215–217,224,231,233 Ehrlichieae,257Elasmusflabellatus,48icradiation,165,166, 167icspectrum,166,167, 172Eleusineindica,143Elicitordefencegenes,200Elicitors,189,190,191,204Elutriation,121Empoascadecedens,7Empoasca,7,14EmpresaBrasileiradePesquisa Agropecuária,271Encarsia(=Aspidiotiphagus) lounsburyi,19Encarsia(=Prospaltella)perniciosi, 19Encarsia(=Prospaltella)lahorensis, 15Encarsiacitrina,38Encarsiaherndoni(=Encarsia elongata),19Encarsiaherndoni,19,63Encarsialahorensis,15,63Encarsiaperniciosi,19,37,63,77Encarsiastrenua,63Encarsia,260Encyrtid,78,81,82,88Encyrtidae,18–20,37,38,43,48, 65,66,71,77,81,87,88,95,99,100EndemicEPNspecies,103,108Endoparasitoids,77,78Endosymbionts,259,260Enterobacter,256,259Entomogenousfungi,273Entomology,133,158Entomomophthorales,261Entomopathogenicbacteria,112Entomopathogenicnematodes,101,103,105,110,115,123–129,209Entomopathogens,138Entomophagousarthropods,50 INDEX 339 Entomophthorafloridana,267,305,307,309 Entomophthoramuscae,262Entomophthoraceae,261,262,301, 304,305,309Entomophthoraceousinfections,267Entomophthoraleanfungus,263,264, 267Entomophthoraleanspecies,264Entomophthorales,263,297,300–304, 305Environment,235,236,240,241Environmentalconditions,35,45, 253Environmentalhygiene,236Environmentalpollution,269Enzymaticprocesses,269Eotetranychusbanksi,266Eotetranychushicoriae,138Eotetranychusorientalis,280Eotetranychuspueraricola,260Eotetranychussexmaculaturs,265, 276Eotetranychussuginamensis,260Eotetranychusuncatus,260Ephedruspersicae,46Epidemics,281,282,297,298Epidemiologicaldata,222Epidermicreactions,236Epistrophebaiteata,46Epithelialcells,251,252,293Epitremerusgoniathrix,273,274, 275Epizootic,252,269,270,271,277, 283,302,305,306,308munities,101,103EPNdistributions,101,107,120EPNpopulation,101,120EPNprevalence,109,113,114,116EPNspatialpatterns,114,115EPN,101,103,105–107,109–116, 123,216,224–230EPNspopulationbiology,101EPPOlist,6EPPO,74,98Equineencephalitisviruses,252 Eradicationprograms,104Eretmocerusdebachi,16,63Erhardovinabisphaera,287Erhardovinacarabodesi,287Erhardovinaeuzeti,287Erhardovinafuscozetesi,287Erhardovinafuscozetis,287Erhardovinaoribatarum,287Erhardovinaphtiracari,287Erhardovinaplatynothri,287Erhardovinapostneri,287Erhardovinascutovertexi,287Erhardovina,287Eriophyessheldoni,11,13,299Eriophyidae,11,50,54,265,273, 281–283,304,305,308Eriophyids,249,273,278,282,297Eriophyiidae,29,30Eriophyiids,50,53Eriophyoidea,274,275,308Eritrea,173,174Erosion,149Eryniaphalangicidae,265Escharosis,49Esfenvalerate,138Establishment,74,82–86,89,92,96, 99Ethiopia,173,174Ethoprophos,22Ethyleneemission,199Ethylene,199,200,207Etiology,252Etofenprox,21,22,23,24,92Etoxazol,21,22,24,53,68EU,4,62,66,67,74,241,244Eucalymnatustessellates,9Eucalyptusblakelyi,193,206Eucalyptus,238,239Eucalyptus,76Eucoilidae,34,57Eugregarine,290Eugregarines,290Eugregarinida,289Eukaryotes,286,291Eukaryoticcells,257Eulophid,64,83,84,85 340 INDEX Eulophidae,20,38,43,44,48,55,58,71,81,85,97,98,99 Eumaeusatalaflorida,239Euonymus,76Eupelopidae,287Eupelopshirtus,287Eupelopssubuliger,287Eupelopstorulosus,287Euphorbiaspecies,143Euphthiracaroidea,289Eupodidae,266Euproctischrysorrea,238Euproctischrysorrhoea,239,241Euproctisedwardsii,239Euproctislunata,239Euproctispseuconspersa,239Euproctisscintillans,239Euproctissimilis,239Euproctis,237,239,243,245Eupterotidae,236Europe,237,238,240,241,292,299Europeansettlers,135Europeansilvopastoralsystems,135Euschistusservus,155Euschistustristigmus,155Euseiusaddoensis,319Euseiuscitrifolius,265,302Euseiuselinae,319Euseiusfinlandicus,257,260,319Euseiusfructicolus,319Euseiussojaensis,319Euseiusstipulatus,25,51,53,54,61, 65–68,71,319Euseiustularensis,319Euseiusvictoriensis,319Eutetranychusbanksi,12,24,267, 276,309Eutetranychusorientalis,12,256, 274,276,280Euzetesglobulus,287Euzetesseminulum,287,288,290,304Euzetidae,287,288EVAGreendye,121Evaluation,64,66,67ans,294Excretoryproducts,294 Exochomusquadripustulatus,38,77,79 Exoticarthropods,74Exoticbiologicalcontrol,61Exoticeulophids,86ExoticIBCAs,62,70Exoticnaturalenemies,81Exoticparasitoids,33,36Exoticpests,74,311Exoticspecies,62,74,88Exotoxin,254,255,303Externalmorphology,317Extraction,121,122Eyes,89 FFagales,133Fallarmyworm,199Fallwebworm,134Family,256–258,260,262,264,269, 274,287,301Farinfrared,166Farmedhabitats,106Farmers,30,33,312,314Farnesol,22Fatbody,253,277Fattyacidpotassiumsalt,47,50Fattyacid,21–23Fecalpellets,251Feces,218,227,251,255,290Fecundity,79Feedingsites,79,87Feedingspecialization,317Feeding,77,79–81,83,84,86,87, 90,93,210,212,215,224,252,284,286,307,317,325Femalemealybugs,14Female,75,77,79–83,87,90Feminization,249,258Fenazaquin,21–25,53,68Fenbutatinoxide,21,22,24,25,53,67,68Fenitrothion,21,23–25Fenoxycarb,21–25,39,44,54Fenperoximate,21–24,53,68Fermentation,227 INDEX 341 Fernprothalli,261Ferrugineol,218,232Ferrugineone,218Fertilizationprocess,316Fertilization,44,73,86,87Fertilizer,39,45,137,146,147,149, 153Festucaarundinacea,69Ficus,87Fieldexperiments,251,279Fieldtrials,216,218,219,223Figwaxscale,75Filaments,87Fireant,138,154,158–160Firmicutes,260Fission,263,290Flagella,260,286,291Flagellaraction,286Flagellata,286Flagellates,286Flatidplanthoppers,15Flatidae,7,15Flatwoodsorchards,109Flavedo,285Flight,13,77Flooring,134Floridacitriculture,102Floridacitrusindustry,102Florida,43,54,56,81,82,84,89, 96–97,101–104,106,107,109,110,112,114,115,123–130,250,267,268,273,276,300,301,302,305,307–309Flowerdamage,48Flowertissues,48Floweringplants,289Flowers,13,48,49,57Fluazifop,144Fluctuation,32,40Flucythrinate,22–25,36,39,47,49Flufenoxuron,21,22,24,25,44,45Flumioxazin,144Fluorescence,116Flushes,13Flushingtwigs,13Flutedscales,16 Fluvalinate,21,22,26Foliage,39,133,136–139,148,155, 161,162,241,244Foodattractant,32,32,35Foodavailability,311,316Food,6,14,62,69,250,259,261, 286,308Fopiusarisanus,63,64Forecasting,5Forest,235,236,237,238,240,244, 245Forestryprograms,242Forestry,236,238,245Forficulidae,215,231FormaSat,168Formicidae,11,92,95,96Formothion,217,218Formulation,134,235,240,241,243, 244,254,283,297,299Fortuitousintroduction,74Fosalone,25Fosetil-Al,5Fowlpoxvirus,252France,4,6,7,15–20,27,89,93,98, 168,176,183–186,209,240,241,244Frankliniellabispinosa,7Frankliniellaidentalis,7,49,292Frass,218,227Fruitcollection,33Fruitflies,20,24Fruitjuices,102Fruit,13,29–36,48–51,54–58,74,76,79,80,87–92,99,133,136,137,143,161Fruitingbody,260,261Fuelwood,134Fumagillin,294Fumigants,93Fumigationtablets,217,218Fungaldiseases,140Fungalpathogens,249,297,298FungiImperfecti,260,296Fungi,102,111,112,114–116,119,120,125,126,129,150,161,209, 342 INDEX 216,249,250,260,261,264,269,271–273,282–285,291,296–298,299–306Fungicide,5,135–137,141,142,144,156,160Fungus,216,231,261,264,267–271,277–284,297,299–300,304–309,321Furniture,134Fusarium,296Fuscozetessetosus,287Fusicladosporiumeffusum,141 GGalendromusannectes,318Galendromushelveolus,318Galendromusidentalis,63,316, 318Galeopsomyiafausta,20,63Galicia,6Gametangia,261Gametes,260,261,290Gametogony,290Gammarays,166Gamontocyst,290Gamonts,290,291Gardenia,87Gas,218Gene,254,255,296Genera,272,285,296Generalistpredators,51Generalist,317,320,323,324Generations,32,42,44,45,48,50, 51,77,79,81,87,210Genus,254,258,260,262,273,292, 296,299–301,304,306,309Geographicinformationsystem,165, 184Geometridae,10Georeferenceddata,170ia,4,133,136,137,141–145, 152,157–162Geospatialtechnologies,163Germany,240,246Germination,262,263,268,270, 284,296,297,299,306 GIS,163,165,169–171,176,181–187 Glands,79,236,239Glassbeads,121GlassMcPhailtrap,33Glasshouse,255,293,312,322GlobalPositioningSystems,171Globoderaartemisiae,121Globoderapallida,121Globoderarostochiensis,121Globoderatabacum,121Glomerellacingulata,141Glucose-N-acetyl,273Glue,14Glufosinate,144Glycerol,268,270,279Glyphosate,144,145GMOs,5Golgiapparatus,285Goosegrass,143,283Governmentpolicies,243GPSreceiver,171GPS,165,171,176,240Gracillariidae,10,20,24,60,53,54, 57–58Graftedtrees,44Grafting,135Granula,295Granulosisviruses,295Grape,76Grapefruitflowers,285Grapefruit,3,22,29,36,39,45,47, 49,73,76,285Grasscontrol,133Grasshopperfeeding,172Grasshopperinfestations,171,186Grasshopper,171,172,177,184–187, 190,193–195,198,202–204Gravidfemales,65,292Greece,3–5,7,15–20,21–23,26–37, 39–42,44–51,53–59,82–84,96,97,209Greenalgae,261Greenlacewing,46,148Greenleafvolatiles,199,200Greenlemons,251 INDEX 343 Greenmanures,149Greenstinkbug,154,155,159Greentwigs,13Greenhouses,280,281,283,292, 297,312Greeningdisease,74Gregarinaeuzeti,290Gregarinaoribataram,290Gregarinascutovertexi,290Gregarina,287,289,306Gregarines,290,291Gregariousbehaviour,237Groundcovermangement,61,69Groundcover,61,67,69,70Groundwater,134,149Groves,85,86,92,96,99–104,128, 129,135,136,155,156Growers,30,35,38,40,42,67,69, 102,133,135–137,139–143,146,149,152,155Growingseason,13,14,140,144Growthregulatorinsecticides,139Guanine,251,294Guidelines,4,5,6,69GulfofAden,173Gum,76Gurleyasokolovii,288Gutepithelium,292Gymnoscelispumilata,10Gymnoscelisrufifasciata,10 HHabitatMapping,174,177,179Habitat,163,164,171–175,177, 182–185,194,214,222,228,230,237,250,319,321Haemocoel,216Hairs,236,237,238,239,240,243Halo,263,296Halosulfuron,144Halotydeusdestructor,266Haploidcells,260Haploidnuclei,260Hardware,164,182Hardwoods,134Harmfulproducts,67 Harmoniaaxyridis,16,47,55,56,134,138,153,161 Harpoon,236Harvest,35,36,80,92,99Haustorium,286Hazel,283HBTM,253Healthhazards,190Health-care,236Helicopters,240Helicoverpaarmigera,10Heliothisveriscence,204Heliothripshaemorrhoidalis,7,29, 49,50,58Hemiberlesiarapax,10Hemiptera,7,29,30,37,38,40,41, 53,55,58,62,64,66,67,75,79,87,95,98,99Hemipterans,137,139,140,155,156,160Hemisarcoptesophagus,274,280Hemisarcoptidae,274,280Hemocytes,277Herbaceousplant,68Herbiciderunoff,149Herbicides,5,137,144–146Herbivores,189–208,272,316,320Herbivorousspecies,191Herbivory,189–191,193–208Hermanniagibba,287,288Hermannioidea,287,288Heteroderaglycines,121Heteroderaschactii,121Heterorhabditidae,224Heterorhabditids,111,112Heterorhabditisbacteriophora,225,226,229Heterorhabditisindica,109,112Heterorhabditisindicus,225–227,229,230Heterorhabditiszealandica,109–112Heterorhabditis,105,110,125,127,216,224,225,228,230anisms,150Hexythiazox,21,23,24,25,67,68 344 INDEX Hibernation,47Hickoryshuckworm,138Hickory,134,138–140,143Highplainvirus,252Hippodamiaconvergens,194Hippodamiavariegate,46HIPV,272Hirstionyssus,286Hirsutellabrownorum,274Hirsutelladanubiensis,274Hirsutellagregis,274Hirsutellahaptospora,274Hirsutellakirchneri,274,280,281Hirsutellanecatrix,274,281Hirsutellanodulosa,275,283Hirsutellarhossiliensis,111Hirsutellarostrata,275Hirsutellathompsonii,273,275–281, 283,299,300Hirsutellatydeicola,276Hirsutellavandergeesti,276Hirsutella,273–274,277,278,281, 282,296,299–305,308,309HirsutellinA,277,303,304,306HirsutellinB,277Historicaldata,31Homoptera,83,96,97,98,99,262Homopteranpests,64Homopteran,64,94Honduras,82Honeybeetrachealmite,253Honeybees,80,253Honeydew,13,46,78,87,88,93, 134tle,143Horseweed,143Horticulture,133Hostspectrum,251,261,264,268, 269,283,299Host,105,109,127,250,251,253, 256,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,268,269,270,271,273,277,278,283,286,287,290,291,295,296,299,301,302Housefly,215Hoverflies,148 HtA,277Huanglongbing,6,102Humeralbristles,89Humidity,81,97,263,270,283,297, 299,306,307Hungary,89Hunting,156Hurricanes,164,166Hydrachnellae,287,288,303Hydrogen,150Hydrolyzedprotein,33,92Hylesiaiola,239Hylesialineata,239Hylesiaurticans,239Hylesia,239,244Hymenoptera,11,20,27,33,34,37, 38,40,43,44,48,54,55,57,58,64–66,71,72,77,79,81,85,87,88,92,94,95–100Hyperparasitoids,46Hyperspectralimages,167Hyphae,260,261,263,272,273,296Hyphalbodies,261,263,264,304Hyphantriacunea,134Hyphomycetes,272,300,305,307Hypoaspis,215Hypodermis,277Hyponomeutidae,10,24,30 IIBCA(InvertebrateBiological ControlAgents),62Ice-nucleatingsubstances,268Iceryapurchasi,8,13,16,36,38,62, 63Icosahedralvirusparticles,252Iflavirus,254,306Imagery,170,172,174–176,183, 186,187Imidacloprid,21–25,45,67,77Immaturestages,211,215Immigration,83,85Immunesystem,253Importation,74,92Inclusionbodies,250,255,295patibilities,249,296,300 INDEX 345 Incubationperiod,215Incubation,215India,83,93,168,173,174,185, 189,209,215,216,232,233,267,278,299,305,307,308Indigenousfoodwebs,62Indigenousparasitoids,38,86Indigenouspredators,322Indochinesepeninsula,75Indonesia,83,209,210,232Industrialproduction,278Industrialrepellent,154Infectionperiods,142Infectionroutes,250Infection,91,104,105,111,129,250,251,252,259,267,268,269,270,271,273,278,282,283,290–291,293,302,303,306Infectiouspropagule,263Infectivejuvenile,105,113Infectivestage,290,291Infestation,30,32,35,38–44,46,48,49,51,53,55,57,75,76,78,79,81,85–89,91,92,99,209,210,215–217,220,222,223,226,227,229,232,235Infraredphotos,167Inhalation,236Injection,217,226,227,233,277,284Inoculation,65Inoculum,141,152,157Insectattack,189,193,201,203,204,207Insectcadaver,111,112,250Insectdeath,106Insectgrazing,194Insectgrowthregulators,77,86Insectpest,6,14–20,53,134,139,146,148,153,209Insect,6,14–20,53,64,69,71,133,134,136–138,142,146–148,153–156,160–162,189–199,201,203–205,206,207,211,249,250,254,260,261,277,283,295,297,299,300,303,305,307,323,324 Insectary,78Insecticidalsoap,138Insecticidalsprays,222Insecticide,5,21,23,27,33,35,36, 39,41,42,44,45,47–50,78,86–87,89,96,101,102,104–105,133,136–139,142,154,209,211,216,217,227,230,231,232,285Insect-plantinteractions,194Inspections,3,6,13,46Instarlarvae,82,215,221Instar,75,76,78,80,82,83,84,85,90–91,215,224,225Insulaspisgloverii,62,63Integratedcontrolprograms,249,285,299Integratedcontrolstrategies,74,77IntegratedPestManagement,4,29,42,101,102,296,312(seealso:IPM)Integratedproduction,4Integument,250,284,286InternationalInstituteforTropicalAgriculture,271InternationalPheromonePlasticMcPhailtrap,32,183,184Intestine,106,224Intextaacarivora,288,292,304Intracellularbacteria,296Intracellulargram-negativebacteria,257Intracellularsymbionts,249,260Intraguildpredation,321Intrauterine,216Introducedeulophids,86Introducedparasitoids,106Introduction,29,73–74,78,81,92,94,311,313,314,321–322Inundativereleases,297Invasion,40,41Invertebratebiologicalcontrolagents,61,62,70Invertebratepathology,249,254Invertebratepests,296–297IP,4–6,26 346 INDEX Iphiseius(Amblyseius)degenerans,50 Iphiseiusdegenerans,50,51,319IPMstrategy,53IPM,3,4,5,6,29,36,39,41,45,47, 49,51,53,57,63,66–69,71,72,101–102,103,104,121–123,209,230,232,233,249,311–314IPMT,32,33,36Ipomoea,143Iran,173Irrigation,39,44,45,73,86,87,137,145,153,159Irritation,239IRS1C,168IRS1D,168IRSResourceSat,168Isariafumosorosea,299Ismailiagovernorate,211Israel,4,5,81–84,94,209,232,243Istamine,239Italy,3–5,7–12,15–20,23,24,27,50,71,73–74,80–85,87,91–94,209,235,238,240,241,242,243,283Itching,239ITSregion,118ITS1,129ITS2,129 JJA(jasmonicacid),197,198,199, 200,201,202,204Japan,83,168,239,260,267,305Japanesebayberrywhitefly,40,94, 98Jasmine,87Jasmonate,198,200,202,203,205Jasmonicacid,197Jojoba,79Jordan,209,232Juglandaceae,133Juiceprocessing,102Jujube,76Juvenile,113,253,255,269 KKairomone,219,222,230Kampimodromusaberrans,319,323, 325Kaolin,21,92Kazakhstan,177,178,181,182,185, 187KBV(BeeKashmirVirus),253,307Kelly'scitrusthrips,49,50Kernelspot,155Kernel-feedinghemipterans,155Kerosene,217KingdomFungi,260Kiwi,79Korinthia,43,58Kuwait,209,231 LLabel,68Laboratorycolonies,252,258,259, 294Laboratoryproduction,278Laboratoryprotocols,119–120Laboulbeniales,286Labyrinthomorpha,289Lacewing,77,81Laconia-Peloponnese,42Ladderrungs,134Ladybeetle,77,148,153Lakonia,43Lambda-cyhalothrin,21–25,92Landsat168,172LandsatETM+data,178,187LandsatThematicMapperdata,174, 185Landscape,134,151,240Larixdecidua,237Larva,80,81,84,85,89,211,224, 225,226Larvae,80–84,90–92,104,105, 108,109,111,125,128,129,208,210,211,214–218,224–227,229,236–243Larvalfeeding,198Lasiocampidae,236,244Lasiusalienus,89 INDEX 347 Lasiusniger,11LatinAmerica,252,269,271Leafcuticle,81,85Leafminer,64,68Leafproteins,193Leafskeletonizer,238,244Leafwetness,141,156Leafyellowing,76Leaf-axils,226,228,229Leaffootedbugs,155Leafhoppers,14Leafminerdevelopment,81Leafroller,75Leaves,40,43,46,51,79,81,93, 241,243Lecanicilliumlecanii,298,299Legs,87,89Legumes,137,146–152,161Leguminousplants,147Lemon,12,22,26–27,32,36,39,45, 47–50,73,74,75,76,82,91,95,96,98Lemons,48,49,51,61,251Leonidion,47Lepidoptera,10,30,53–55,58,80,83,84,87,95–99,134,196,235–239,243–245,254,260Lepidopterandefoliators,240,241Lepidopteraninfestations,240Lepidopteranpests,139Lepidopterism,239,245Lepidopterouspests,133,254Lepidosaphesbeckii,10,19,23,30,31,36,37Lepidosaphesgloverii,10,19Leptinotarsadecemlineata,254Leptoglossusoppositus,155Leptoglossusphyllopus,155Leptomastideaabnormis,38,87,88Leptomastixdactylopii,16,25,37,50,59,63,65,71,88,97,99,100Lestodiplosisaonidiellae,77Lesvos,42,44Leucopis,87Liacaroidea,288LIDAR,167 Lifecycle,209,211,216,241,290,291 Lifestyle,311,313,317–320Liguria,15Limabean,199–202,205,206Limacodidae,236Limantriidae,239Lime,3Limnocharesaquatica,287,288,290, 303Linepithema(=Iridomyrmex)humile, 11Linoleicacid,199Linolenicacid,199,205Lipid,200Liriomyza,84Lobes,79otion,214,286Locustbreedingareas,163,174,175, 177,179,187Locustegg-pods,169Locusthabitatmonitoring,163,174, 183,184–186Locusthabitat,170,172,174,175, 179,182,185Locustnymphaldevelopment,164Locustoutbreaks,163,164,172,175Locustplagues,164,172,179,186, 187Locustswarm,164,175Locustamigratoriaburmana,177Locustamigratoriacapito,177Locustamigratoriacinerescens,177Locustamigratoriamanilensis,173, 174Locustamigratoriamigratoria,177Locustamigratoriamigratorioides, 177Locustamigratoria,177,187Locusts,163,165,170,172,174–177, 179,181–188Longevity,211Lopholeucaspisjaponica,10Loquat,76,90Lorryiaformosa,276Lotuscorniculatus,196,205 348 INDEX Louisiana,82Lufenuron,21–25Lumber,134Lycenidae,239Lycosidae,70Lymantriadispar,240–241,244Lymantriidae,236,243,244Lyophilization,121Lysiphlebusconfusus,46Lysiphlebusfabarum,46Lysiphlebustestaceipes,16,25,46, 63,65,67,68Lysisbuffer,120Lysis,120,253Lyxusalgirus,11 MMacrocheles,260,264,305Macrochelidae,264Macrosiphumeuphorbiae,8,45Macrosiphummentzeliae,194Madagascar,181,185MadeiraIsland,6,12,74Magnesiumsulphate,119Magnolia,76Maize,193,196,199,200,201,202, 208Malacosomacalifornicumpluviale, 194Malaria,286,290Malathion,21–25Malekilling,249,258Males,218,221–224,228,229Mali,174,187Malpighiantubes,294Malpighiantubules,277,294Malta,6Mammals,135,189Managedhabitats,106Managementpractices,38,44,47Managementregimes,114Management,101,102,103,106, 113,123,124,128,163,164,170–172,176,178,181–182,183,184,185,187,197,199,205,311–314,320,322,323 Mandarin,3,22,29,35,36,39,42–43,47,49,71,76 Manducasexta,197,204Mango,76Mapletree,76Marathon,47Margarodidae,8,38MaritimeAlps,241Massproduction,264,297,298Massrearing,314Masstrapping,211,223Mastigophora,286Matingdisruption,138MatoGrosso,281Maturefemale,75Maturity,35,79,91,94Mauritania,174,183,185–187Mealybug,14,24,29,30,36,37,87, 88,96Mechanicaldamage,197,199,200, 207Mechanicalharvester,135Mechanicalprocesses,269Mechanicalwounding,197Medfly,6,31–36,59,64,68Mediterraneanareas,91Mediterraneanbasin,6,62,64,67, 74,79,81,87,89,92,94,97Mediterraneanblackscale,30,36Mediterraneanclimates,241Mediterraneancountries,45,64,66, 91,96Mediterraneanfruitfly,29–31,54, 56–58,62,64,72,89,90,91Mediterraneanregion,3,4Mediterranean,3,4,6,7,26Medlure,92Megalopygidae,236Meiosis,260,286,290Meiraargovae,285Meirageulakonigii,285,301Melanocalliscaryaefoliae,134,159Melanocalliscaryaefoliella,138Meliaceae,194Meloidogynefallax,130Meloidogyneincognita,129 INDEX 349 Meloidogynejavanica,120,124Melonaphid,75Memberstates,21,241Membranes,257,262,277286Mentzeliapunila,194Merculiarisannua,84Merozoites,290Metabolism,195Metalaxyl,5Metaphycusbartletti,37Metaphycushelvolus,37,63Metaphycuslounsburyi (=Metaphycusbartletti),18Metaphycuslounsburyi,18,63Metaphycusswirskii,18,37Metarhiziumanisopliae,283,299, 304Metarhizium,283,296,301,304Metaseiulusarboreus,318Metaseiuluscitri,318Metaseiulusidentalis,252,254–257, 289,292,299,304Metaseiuluspomi,318Metazoa,286Metcalfapruinosa,7,15Meteorologicaldata,30Meteorologicalmodels,175Meteorologicalparameters,172Meteosat,172Methomyl,21–25,33,44Methoxyfenozide,21,22,24,45Methylanthranilate,154Methylcarbitol,154Methyljasmonate,202–203Methylmyristate,154Methylcyclohexanecarboxylicacid, 92Metronidazole,294Mexico,82,89,133,135,143,159, 181,182,278,279Microbialmiticide,255Microbialproducts,241Microbiologicalidentification,257–258aceae,255–256Microcosmassays,112Microlysis,121 anisms,92,227,249,250,257,258,322 Microscopicsurveys,258Microsphaerapenicillata,141Microspora,288,289,290,291,299, 301,304,308Microsporidia,249,291–294Microsporidiosis,291,293,300Microsporidiumphytoseiuli,288, 301Microsporidium,288,291,292,300, 304Microterysnietneri,63Microtritiaminima,289Microwave,166Midinfrared,166MiddleEast,74,89,181Midgut,251,252,277,290,291Migratorylocust,177,178,179, 182Millet,155Mine,80,81Mineraloil,21–25,67,68,79,89Mint,92Minutepiratebug,148Miridae,7Mirrors,236Mississippi,268,307Mitepest,50,249,250,280,281Mitepredators,133,156Mite,13,24,2