ResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguisticseditedbyBiancaBasciano,FrancoGatti,AnnaMorbiato
FormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructionsFundamentalIssuesonConstructicography
WeidongZhan(PekingUniversity,China)
JiajunWang(PekingUniversity,China)
LongChen(PekingUniversity,China)
HaibinHuang(PekingUniversity,China)
Abstract ThispaperintroducesaChineseconstructicon(CCL-CxnBank)andacorpusannotationplatformforthedescriptionofactualusagesofconstructionsincontexts.CCL-CxnBankisanonlinerepositorythatcontainsmorethan1,000constructions,aswellasthelinguisticdescriptionsoftheirvariousfeatures.Basedonourpracticeofconstructicography,weholdthatconstructionsdifferfromphrasesinthattheyarenotrecursive.Weproposethattheformalrepresentationofagivenconstructionshouldbelinear,whileitsmeaningshouldberepresentedthroughparaphrasetemplatesandsemanticframes.Inthefuture,contextualfeatureswillbeintegratedtoanalysethesemanticsofconstructions.
Keywords Chineseconstructicon.Constructicography.Constructiongrammar.Formandmeaningrepresentation.Principlepositionality.Languageengineering.
Summary 1Introduction.–2ThePropertiesofConstructions.ComparingConstructionswithPhrases.–3TheFormandMeaningRepresentationofConstructions.–3.1TheRepresentationofForms.VariationsandExtensionsofConstructsinActualUse.–3.1.1TheVariationofLexicallySpecifiedElementsofaConstruction.–3.1.2ExpansionbyJuxtapositionofConstructionsintheFormofChunks.–3.1.3SchematicElements(Variables)WhichMaynotFormaConstituentasaWhole.–3.2TheRepresentationofMeanings.AStrategyCombiningParaphraseTemplateandSemanticFrame.–4TheFrameworkandCurrentStatusofCCL-CxnBank.–5BuildingaSyntacticallyandSemanticallyAnnotatedCorpusofChineseConstructions.–5.1AnOnlinePlatformfortheAnnotationofConstructs.–5.2SomeChallengesintheAnnotationoftheFormandMeaningofConstructs.–6Conclusions.
Sinicaiana6
e-ISSN2610-9042 | ISSN2610-9654
ISBN[ebook]978-88-6969-406-
6 | ISBN[print]978-88-6969-407-
3 Peerreview | Openess 307 Submitted2020-10-02 | epted2020-11-30 | Published2020-12-21 ©2020 CreativeCommons4.0Attributionalone DOI 10.30687/978-88-6969-406-6/010 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions 1Introduction ThispaperintroducestheworkonknowledgerepresentationofChineseconstructionsdoneinrecentyearsbytheCentreforChineseLinguistics(CCL)ofPekingUniversity.Ourworkincludestwoparts:thedevelopmentofaChineseconstructicon(provisionallynamedasCCLCxnBank)1andtheannotationofacorpusconsistingofsentencesthatdisplayvarioususagesofconstructioninstances.2Ourworkstemsfromthebeliefthatlinguisticknowledgeresourcescanbettersupportnaturallanguageprocessingandlanguageteachingiftheyareanised,analysed,anddigitisedintodatabasesandannotatedcorpora. Inthepast30years,theconstructionapproachtolanguagehasthrivedamongChineselinguisticstudiesandhasbroughtrichknowledgetobothcasestudiesandsystematicstudies(ZhangB.2008,2018;ZhangJ.2013).Againstthisbackground,since2015CCLhasbeenrunningaprojectonthedevelopmentofaChineseconstructicondatabase,whichisthefirstChineseconstructiconprisingbothaconstructionknowledgedatabaseandanannotatedcorpus.CCL-CxnBankservesasasupplementtothecurrentnaturallanguageengineeringpracticethatinputationallinguisticsisbasedmonly-usedgrammaticalunits,suchaswordsandphrases.Uptonow,thisprojecthasalreadycollectedover1,000Chineseconstructionsandrecordedtheirsyntactic,semantic,andpragmaticinformation.Moreover,relationshipsamongconstructions,suchassynonymy,antonymy,andhyponymy/hyperonymyrelations,havealsobeenincluded,inordertoprovideamoresystematicandcoherentknowledgerepresentationschemeforChineseconstructions.Finally,anonlinecorpusannotationplatformhasbeendevelopedtoannotatetheinternalstructureandthesubjectiveattitudemeaningofeachconstructthatursinrealtexts,withtheaimofprovidingprehensivedescriptionoftheactualusagesofconstructionsinrealcontexts.3 ThispaperpresentsourworkinprogressandsomeofthemajorchallengesweencounteredinthedevelopmentofCCL-CxnBank.§2presentsourdefinitionandunderstandingoftheterm‘construction’paringitwiththeconventionalgrammaticalunitnotionof‘phrase’,whichmonlyusedtorefertoaformalrepresentation
1 ThewebsiteofCCL-CxnBankisgd.
2 Wehavealsosetupawebsiteasaworkingplatformforannotatingthecorpus,whichiscurrentlyonlyessibletoauthorisedannotators.Thewebsiteislannotator/public/index.php.
3 ‘Construction’and‘construct’inthispaperareusedtorefertoconstructiontypeandtokenrespectively.‘Constructicon’referstotheconstructiondatabaseinwhichconstructionentriesandtheirlinguisticattributesareanisedandrecorded. Sinicaiana6308Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions schemeinsyntacticstructuresintheknowledgeengineeringpracticesputer.§3discussesissuesintherepresentationoftheformsandmeaningsofconstructions.§4givesanoverviewofCCLCxnBankanddiscussesthemethodologyadoptedinitsdevelopment.§5presentsourworkoncorpusannotation,includinganintroductionoftheonlineplatformforannotationandsomerelatedchallenges.Thelastsectionconcludesbypresentingthesignificanceofourworkandthefuturedirectionofdevelopmentofconstructionresources. 2ThePropertiesofConstructions.ComparingConstructionswithPhrases Fromtheviewpointoflanguageresourcesdevelopment,Zhan(2017)analysedtherelationshipanddifferencesexistingbetweenconstructionsandconventionalgrammaticalunits,i.e.words,phrasesetc.ThisworkadoptsZhan’s(2017)perspective:below,wediscusssomemajorsandproposesomefurtherconsiderations. Unlikesomeconstructionistswhomaintainthatallunitsofagrammaticalsystemareconstructions(Croft2001),wetreatconstructionsplementsmonphrases:inourview,plementwordsandphrasesratherthantotallyreplacingthem.4Thisisbasedonourunderstandingofconstructionsandconventionallanguageunits.Conventionallanguageunitscanbeclassifiedintowordsandphrases.Wordshavefixedinternalstructuresandcannotbeposedofsmallergrammaticalunits.Phraseshaveexpandableinternalstructuresandcanbeposedofsmallerphrases.Thisclassificationallowsgreaterefficiencyandconvenienceindevelopingandmaintaininglanguageresourcedatabases.Inalanguageresourcedatabase,alimited(butlarge)numberofwordsarelistedentrybyentry,whileaninfinitenumberofphrasescanbedescribedwithafinitenumberofsyntacticrulesbasedonafinitenumberofgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnoun,verb,nounphrase,verbphraseetc.However,inalinguisticsystem,othertypesoflinguisticunitscanbeidentified(thatwecall‘constructions’,Zhan2017),whichdifferinthefollowingrespects. First,constructionsemergemonphrases,whichareformedbywords.Therefore,constructionsaredifferentfromwords,
4 Treatingwordsasconstructionsismerelyatheoreticalorlabellingissue.Wordscanbetreatedasconstructionsfroma‘form-meaning’pairperspective,butitmakeslittledifferenceintheknowledgeengineeringpractice.ForlanguageswithlittleornoinflectionsuchasChinese,knowledgeinadictionaryisstoredinexactlythesamewayasinconstructions’description:eachentryisa‘wordform-wordmeaning’pair.Inotherwords,referringtowordsas‘wordconstructions’or‘words’makesnodifferenceintheknowledgeengineeringpractice. Sinicaiana6309Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions whichareposedofsmallergrammarunits.Fromthepointofviewofformalgrammar,awordcanevenberegardedasthesmallestgrammaticalunitoratomicunitandthereisnoneedtoanalyseitsponents. Second,constructionsaredifferentfromphrases.Intraditionallinguistics,phrasesaretreatedascoregrammaticalunits.Theformalisationofphrasesincludesfourelements:relationships,heads,categoriesandhierarchies.Thesefourelementsjointlydisplayasyntagmaticandrecursivenaturewithinphrases:(1)thesyntagmaticrelationsbetweenconstituentswithinphrases,(2)theheadrolesinthephrases,(3)thegrammaticalcategoriesthephrasesandtheirconstituentsbelongto,and(4)thehierarchical(tree)structuresinwhichthephrasesareanised.Thesyntacticdescriptionofthesefouraspectsisthefoundationforputationofthemeaningofphrases(Jurafsky,Martin2000,chs.15.1,15.2).Onthecontrary,typicalconstructionshaveweakrelationshipsbetweentheconstituents,noprominentheadroles,onlylimitedvariationsintheirponents,andalinearinternalstructureratherthanahierarchicalone.Fromtheperspectiveofmeaning,theacquisitionofthemeaningsofphrasesgenerallyfollowsthesocalled‘principlepositionality’,statingthatthemeaningofawholesentenceisacquiredbythebinationofitsconstituentparts(Partee2004).Asforconstructions,themeaningofaconstructisbinationofthemeaningsofitsconstituentsandthemeaningoftheconstructioninwhichthesewordsur.Therefore,constructionsarenotconventionalphrases. Third,wecaneitherrefertoconstructionsasphrasesorrefertophrasesasconstructions(Croft2001).Ifwerefertoconstructionsasphrases,constructionsareuniquephrases;ifwerefertophrasesasconstructions,phrasesareschematisedconstructions(Zhan2017).Itistheoreticallyreasonabletorefertophrasesasconstructions;however,categorisingthemasthesamegrammaticalunitdoesnotmeantheyhaveidenticalgrammaticalproperties.Constructionsandconventionalphrasesstilldifferinmanybasicgrammaticalpropertiessuchasrecursivenesspositionality.Forexample,constructionscanusuallybeembeddedinconventionalphrases,whileonlyalimitednumberofphrasescanbeembeddedintoconstructions.Example(1)illustratestwosentenceswiththesamepattern:[不是búshì+N1+的de+N2].5N1differsfromN2in(1a),whilein(1b)N1andN2
5 TheglossesfollowthegeneralguidelinesoftheLeipzigGlossingRules.Additionalglossesinclude:bei=‘Chinese被bèimarker’,oftenlabelledasapassivemarker;de=‘Chineseparticle的de’,functioningasmodificationmarkerornominaliser;mp=‘moodparticle’(inChinesetheyareusedtoaddvariousmoods,includinginterrogation,request,mand,emphasisandexclamation,toanutterance);sfp=‘sentencefinalparticle’.In-textabbreviationsareasfollows:N=‘noun’;NP=‘nounphrase’;V=‘verb’; Sinicaiana6310Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions areidentical(repetitionofnounswiththesameform):(1b)includesaconstructoftheconstruction[不是búshì+N+的de+N],meaning‘NthatisnotN’. 1.a.怎么解决这不是正品的问题?
zěnmejiějuézhèbúshìzhèng-pǐn dewèntí howsolvethisnotcopgenuine-productdeproblem ‘Howtosolvetheproblemthatmodityisnotgenuine?
’ b.怎么解决这不是问题的问题?
zěnmejiějuézhèbúshìwèntí dewèntí howsolvethisnotcopproblemdeproblem ‘Howtosolvethisproblemwhichisnotaproblem?
’ paringtheexamplesabove,itisobviousthattheinstanceofthelinearpattern[不是+N1+的de+N2]in(1a)hasadifferentinternalhierarchicalstructure,whichcanbeexpandedintoadifferentform.(2)istheexpansionof(1a),whichmaintainstheoriginalhierarchicalstructure.
2.怎么解决这个商品不是厂家正品的严重失信问题?
zěnmejiějuézhègeshāngpǐnbúshìchǎngjiā howsolvethismoditynotcopmanufacturer zhèng-pǐn deyánzhòngshīxìn wèntí genuine-productdeseriousdishonestyproblem ‘Howtosolvetheproblemthatmodityisnotagenuineprod- uctofthemanufacturer,whichindicatesaseriousdishonestconduct?
’ However,theinstanceofthepattern[不是búshì+N+的de+N]‘NthatisnotN’in(1b)cannotbeexpandedasthatin(1a).[不是búshì+问题wèntí+的de+问题wèntí]‘aproblemwhichisnotaproblem’isafixedlanguageunit:问题wèntí‘problem’canonlybesubstitutedwithalimitednumberofnounssuchas办法bànfǎ‘method’,理由lǐyóu‘reason’,机会jīhuì‘chance’,结局jiéjú‘e’,妈妈māma‘mother’etc.Thegenerativecapacityofthispatternislimitedparedwiththatofphrasepatternsshowninexample(1a)and
(2).Furthermore,itcarriesanadditionalinherentmeaningthatgoesbeyondthemeaningof不是búshìand问题wèntí,whichcouldbeparaphrasedas‘itisonlyatitularN’or‘itisnotatypicalN,but,heless,wecangrudginglytreatitasone’etc.Thespecificmeaningisdeterminedbythecontextinwhichthepatternurs. VP=‘verbphrase’;A=‘adjective’;AP=‘adjectivephrase’;CLP=‘numeralplusclassifierphrase’;
X,Y,...=‘constituentswitharbitrarysyntacticcategory’. Sinicaiana6311Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions Aboveall,constructionsaredifferentfromconventionalgrammaticalunits,i.e.wordsandphrases,inamajorrespect:inlanguageengineering,mappingbetweenformsandmeaningsofconstructionsneedtobelistedentrybyentry,justlikethoseofwords;binatorialpropertiesofconstructions,ontheotherhand,needtobedescribedlikethoseofphrases. 3TheFormandMeaningRepresentationofConstructions ordingtoZhan(2017)andfollowingtheconsiderationsabove,theformsofconstructionsshouldbedescribedaslinearpatternswithspecificlexicalelements(whichwecall‘constants’)andschematicelements(whichwecall‘variables’).Withinaconstruction,constantsarespecificwords,andvariablesarerepresentedbypart-of-speechtagsorsyntacticcategoriesofphrases(
N,V,NP,VPetc.).Somevariablesincertainconstructionscanbeinstantiatedwithelementsofdifferentphrasecategories,whichismentionedaboveas‘de-categorisation’.Thefollowingexamplesillustratethevariablesinstantiatedbywordcategories,phrasecategoriesandcross-categoryelements. Table1 Someexamplesofbinedwithconstantsandvariables Constructions V+一yī‘one’+clf+是shì‘cop’+一yī‘one’+clf‘EverybehaviourwhichVindicatescounts’说shuō‘speak’+VP+就jiù‘immediately’+VP‘CarryoutthebehaviourindicatedbyVPimmediatelyafterpromisingtoVP’ 除了chúle‘besides’+X+还是háishì‘still’+X‘ThereisnothingbutX’ Constructs 说一句是一句shuōyījùshìyījù‘Everywordcounts’ 说给钱就给钱shuōgěiqiánjiùgěiqián‘Payimmediatelyafterpromisingtopay’除了下雨还是下雨chúlexiàyǔháishìxiàyǔ‘Itrainsendlessly’除了馒头还是馒头chúlemántouháishìmántou‘Thereisnothingtoeatbutsteamedbuns’ Constants(Words)一yī‘one’是shì‘cop’ 说shuō‘speak’就jiù‘immediately’ 除了chúle‘besides’还是háishì‘still’ Variables(Categories)V,clf VP X(
N,V,Aetc.) Sinicaiana6312Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions Constructionssharesemanticpropertiesbothwithwordsandwithphrases.Ontheonehand,themeaningsofconstructionshavetobelistedentrybyentryjustlikewords,inordertodescribefixedrelationsbetweenformandmeaning.Ontheotherhand,themeaningofconstructionshastoputedbiningthemeaningsoftheconstituentsfollowingthe‘principlepositionality’,justlikephrases.Thefollowingtwosectionspresentanddiscussissuesintherepresentationofconstructionformsandmeanings. 3.1TheRepresentationofForms.VariationsandExtensionsofConstructsinActualUse Theinternalstructureofaconstructionisrepresentedasalinearpatternconsistingofseveralconstantsandvariables.Whileitisgenerallynotnecessarytoconsiderrecursivenessinthestructuralrepresentationofaconstruction(typically,aconstructcannotbeembeddedintoaconstructofthesameconstruction),someconstructionsdisplayalimitedexpansioncapacity.Zhan(2017)analysedthebasicformsofconstructions,whichareconsideredtobestableandfixed.Herewefurtherdiscusstheformvariationsofconstructions,whichcanbedistinguishedintothreetypes. 3.1.1TheVariationofLexicallySpecifiedElementsofaConstruction Letusconsiderthefollowingexamples: 3.a.有什么大惊小怪的 a’.没有什么大惊小怪的 yǒushénmedàjīngxiǎoguàide méiyǒushénmedàjīngxiǎoguàide havewhatfuss de nothavewhatfuss de ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ b.有什么可大惊小怪的 b’.没有什么可大惊小怪的 yǒushénmekě dàjīngxiǎoguàide méiyǒushénmekě dàjīngxiǎoguàide havewhatmay fuss de nothavewhatmay mayfuss de ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ c.有什么好大惊小怪 没有什么好大惊小怪 yǒushénmehǎo dàjīngxiǎoguài c’.méiyǒushénmehǎo dàjīngxiǎoguài havewhatworth fuss nothavewhatworth fuss ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ d.有什么好大惊小怪的 d’.没有什么好大惊小怪的 yǒushénmehǎo dàjīngxiǎoguàide méiyǒushénmehǎo dàjīngxiǎoguàide havewhatworth fuss de nothavewhatworth fuss de ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ Sinicaiana6313Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions Theformoftheconstructioninexample(3)is[有yǒu+什么shénme+VP+的de]‘thereisnoneedtoVP’,asin(3a).(3b)-(3d)arevariationsofthisconstructionwithotherconstantsadded,suchas可kě‘may’,好hǎo‘worth’,orwiththeconstant的deomitted.有yǒu‘have’intheseconstructsmayalsoappearinitsnegatedform,没有méiyǒu,asin(3a’)-(3d’),meaning‘thereisnoneedtoVP’,‘itisworthlesstoVP’etc.Thevariationsofaconstructionformcanbeeitherexhaustivelylistedintheconstructiconorcapturedbyregularexpressions.Theconstructionforminexample(3)canberepresentedas[(有yǒu|没有méiyǒu)什么shénme(好hǎo|可kě)?
(VP)(的de)?
],where‘?
’indicateszerooroneleftwardcharacter,and‘|’indicatesdisjunction,matchingeitherleftorrightcharacter.Regularexpressionscanberepresentedbythefinitestatework(FSTN).TheFSTNoftheconstructioninexample(3)isillustratedinfigure1below(Chomsky1956). Figure1 TheFSTNrecognisingformvariationsoftheconstruction[有yǒu+什么shénme+VP+的de] Amongthe1,066entriesinCCL-CxnBank,816aremarkedasnothavingformvariations,and250entriesaremarkedashavingsome(about23.45%).Constructionsvarybothinthenumberandthedegreeofformvariations.Thebasicformoftheconstructioninexample(4)is[A+就jiù‘exactly’+A+在zài‘on’+X]‘itisindeedXwhichmakesitA’,withplicatedinstantiationsthanexample
(3):(4a)isaninstancethatcanmatchtheconstructionformexactly;in(4b),theauxiliary可能kěnéng‘may’isinsertedbefore就jiù‘indeed’asaconstantoftheconstruction;in(4c)and(4d),就jiù‘indeed’isreplacedby就是jiùshì‘exactly’and也就yějiù‘alsoexactly’,respectively.Besides,in(4c)and(4d),thefirstvariableisseparatedfromtherestbyma. Sinicaiana6314Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions 3.a.个人申请贷款,麻烦就麻烦在担保和抵押。
gèrénshēnqǐngdàikuǎnmáfan jiùmáfan individualapply.forloantroublesomeindeedtroublesome zàidānbǎo hé dǐyā onguaranteeandmortgage ‘Thetroublesofindividualapplicationofloanslieexactlyonguar- anteesandmortgages’. b.他的主子大人将来倒霉可能就倒霉在狗的身上。
tādezhǔzidàrénjiāngláidǎoméi kěnéngjiù hedemasterlordfutureunfortunatemayindeed dǎoméi zàigǒudeshēnshàng unfortunateondogdebodyon ‘Somethingunfortunatemayhappentohislordmasterexactlybe- causeofthedog’. c.很多学生觉得文言文难,就是难在一些实词和虚词上。
hěnduōxuéshēngjuédewényánwén nán jiùshì manystudentthinkClassical.Chinesedifficultexactly nánzàiyìxiēshící héxūcí shàng difficultonsomecontent.wordandfunction.wordabove ‘ManystudentsthinkthatthedifficultiesofClassicalChineselie exactlyonsomecontentwordsandfunctionwords’. d.处方的‘含金量’高,也就高在用进口药和合资企业药的比重猛增。
chùfāng dehánjīnliànggāoyějiù gāo prescriptiondegold.contenthighalsoindeedhigh zàiyòngjìnkǒu yào héhézī qǐyè onuseimportedmedicineandjoint.ventureenterprise yào debǐzhòngměngzēng medicinederatio soar ‘The‘truevalue’(price)ofthemedicalprescriptionsishighexact- lybecauseofthesoaringoftheratioofthemedicinesused,which areproducedbyforeignandjointventureenterprises’. Theformvariationsin(4a)and(4b)pletegrammaticalunits,whilein(4c-d)theconstructionvariationsmaynotbegrammaticalconstituents.In(4c),难,就是难在一些实词和虚词上nánjiùshìnánzàiyìxiēshícíhéxūcíshàng‘difficultieslieonsomecontentwordsandfunctionwords’canbetreatedeitheraspleteconstituentorastwoclausesseparatedbyma,witheachclauseactingasaconstituent.Thus,(4c)isnolongerappropriatetobetreatedasaconstructinstantiatedfromtheformvariationoftheconstruction[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X],atleastnotthesameasthatinstantiatedbyexamples(4a)and(4b),eventhoughtheyalmostsharethesamemeaning. Sinicaiana6315Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions Thisconstructionhasevenmoreformvariations,suchas(4a’)and(4c’)below,whichareexpandedfrom(4a)and(4c). 4.a’.个人申请贷款的麻烦,最主要就麻烦在担保和抵押。
gèrén shēn•qǐn•gdàikuǎ•n•d•e•m•á•fa•n••zuì zhǔyào individualapply.forloandetroublemostmain jiù máfan zàidānbǎohédǐyā indeedtroublesomeonguaranteeandmortgage ‘Thetroublesofindividualapplicationofloanslieexactlyonguar- anteesandmortgages’. c’.文言文难,很多学生觉得就是难在一些实词和虚词上。
• •••••••••••• wényánwén nánhěnduōxuéshēngjuédejiù shì Classical.Chinesedifficultmanystudentthinkindeedcop nánzàiyìxiēshící héxūcí shàng difficultonsomecontent.wordandfunction.wordabove ‘ThedifficultiesofClassicalChinese,somestudentsthink,lieex- actlyonsomecontentwordsandfunctionwords’. In(4a’)and(4c’),iftheboldpartsaretreatedastheformvariationsoftheconstruction[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X],someproblemsarisewhentryingtorepresenttheformoftheconstructionvariations,becauseregularexpressionswillcapturechunkswithnolinguisticsignificancewhentryingtomatchtheconstructsinthesentences.Thechunks最主要zuìzhǔyào‘themostimportant’in(4a’)and很多学生觉得hěnduōxuéshēngjuéde‘manystudentsthinkthat...’in(4c’)appearbetweenaconstantandavariable.Amoduleneedstobespecificallydesignedtohandlethesestringsappropriately. Examplesin(3)and(4)showthat,whiletheconstantsin[有yǒu+什么shénme+VP+的de]havelimitedformvariationswhichcanbecapturedratherpreciselyandexhaustivelybyregularexpressions,therelationbetweenthefirstvariable‘A’andtheconstant就jiùin[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X]isrelativelyloose.Inrealtexts,languagechunksofvariouscategoriescanbeinsertedbetweentheconstantandthevariableintheconstructs,displayinggreatvariability.Althoughtheseconstructsexpressthesamebasicmeaning,theirformscannotbeexhaustivelyandappropriatelydescribed.Theinternalstructureoftheconstructionin(4)requiresfurtherexamination.Inotherwords,theconstruction[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X]isnotamonolithicwhole.Thechunkresponsiblefortheexplanationis[A+在zài+X],urringafter就jiù.[就jiù+A+在zài+X]isarelativelyindependentchunk,whichcanbeusedseparatelyfromtheprecedingvariable‘A’,asin(4a’)and(4c’).Itwouldbemorereasonabletoinclude[A+在zài+X]asaseparateconstructionentry,specifyingthatitisasynonymof[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X].Whenprocessingsentenceswithsuchconstructs,theconstruct[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X]hasthepriorityovertheothers,ordingto Sinicaiana6316Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions thegreedymatchingprinciple.If[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X]failstomatchanyconstruct,[A+在zài+X]willbecalledinformatching.6 3.1.2 ExpansionbyJuxtapositionofConstructionsintheFormofChunks Letusconsiderthefollowingexamples:
5.新就新在财政部门认真对待全国人大、政协、‘两会’代表、委员的意见上, 新在他们转变作风、行动迅速上。
xīnjiùxīnzàicáizhèngbùmén rènzhēnduìdài newexactlynewonfinancialdepartmentseriouslytreat quánguóréndàzhèngxiéliǎng-huì dàibiǎo
N.P.C.
N.P.P.C.C.Two-Sessionsrepresentatives wěiyuándeyìjiànshàngxīnzàitāmenzhuǎnbiàn committeedeadviceon newbe.attheychange zuòfēngxíngdòngxùnsùshàng styleact rapidlyabove ‘ThenoveltyliesinthefactthattheFinancialDepartmenttookveryse- riouslytheadvicegivenbyN.P.C.,
N.P.P.C.C.,andtherepresentatives mitteesoftheTwoSessions,regardingtheirchangeinwork- ingstyleandactionspeed’.
6.一整天在湖上晃呀晃、拐呀拐的也是一种度日方式吧。
yìzhěngtiānzàihúshànghuàngyahuàng onewholedayonlakeon wagglempwaggle yaguǎideyěshìyìzhǒngdù rìfāngshìba mpturndealsocoponeclfspenddaywaymp ‘Wagglingandturningaroundalldaylongonthelakeisalsoawayto spendtheday’.
7.喜剧不是喜剧,闹剧不是闹剧,丑角不是丑角,痞子不是痞子,简直滑稽至 极。
xǐjù búshìxǐjù nàojùbúshìnàojù comedynotedyfarcenotcopfarce chǒujuébúshìchǒujuépǐzibúshìpǐzi clownnotcopclown ruffiannotcopruffian jiǎnzhíhuájī zhìjí simplyridiculoustoutmost
6 Anothermethodistotreatexamples(4a’)and(4c’)asseparableusagesofaconstruction,whichrequiresformmatchingofadiscontinuousstring,thusmakingthematchingprocessplicated. Sinicaiana6317Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions ‘Itisneitheredynorafarce,theclownisnotaclownandtheruffianisnotaruffian:it’sridiculous’. Thebasicformoftheconstructin(5)is[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X](sameasinexample
(4)),with[A+在zài+X]partiallyexpanding,appearingtwiceinthesentence.Similarly,thepattern[V+呀ya+V]‘Vagainandagain’,whosebasicformis[V+呀ya+V+的de]‘V-ingagainandagain’,expandsandappearstwicein
(6).Thebasicformoftheconstructionin(7)is[N1+不是búshìN1,N2+不是búshì+N2]‘itisneitherN1norN2’,whichalreadyincludestwojuxtaposedchunks.In
(7),thewholeconstructexpands,differentlyfrom(5)and
(6),wheretheconstructsonlypartiallyexpand. The‘Expandable’(是否可扩展shìfǒukěkuòzhǎn)featureinCCLCxnBankisusedtodescribetheconstructsillustratedabove.Itsdefaultvalueis‘true’,whichallowsexpansionbyjuxtaposition.Forconstructionswhichcannotexpandjuxtapositionally,thevaluewillbe‘false’. 8.a.一个不留神,摔了个大跟头。
yígebùliúshénshuāilegedàgēntouoneclfnocautionfallpfvclfbigsomersault‘Withoutcaution,(someone)fellheavily’. b.一个愿打,一个愿挨。
yígeyuàndǎyígeyuànāioneclfwillingbeatoneclfwillingendure‘Oneiswillingtobeat,theotheriswillingtobebeaten’. c.一个使劲骂一个偷东西的孩子,还有一个[…] yígeshǐjìn màyígetōudōngxide oneclfcontinuouslyscoldoneclfstealthingde háiziháiyǒuyí ge childalsohaveoneclf ‘Onekeepsonscoldingachildwhosteals,theother[…]’ 一个不留神yígebùliúshénin(8a)isaninstantiationoftheconstruction[一yí+个ge+VP]‘onemomentofVP(leadsto)...’,whichisalsosharedbyinstantiationssuchas[一yí‘one’个ge‘clf’没méi‘not’站稳zhàn-wěn‘stand-steady’]‘onemomentofinstability...’,[一yí‘one’个ge‘clf’手shǒu‘hand’软ruǎn‘soft’]‘onemomentofloosenedgrip...’etc.,allconveyingthehappeningofunexpectedeventswhichbringaboutundesirableresults.However,althoughthesentencesin(8b)and(8c)formallydisplaythe[一yí+个ge+VP]pattern,theyarenotinstantiationsofthisconstruction.Rather,一个yíge‘one’actsasthesubject(withtheheadnounomitted)ofthefollowingpredicate.In(8c),thereisalsoasecond一个yíge,whichis Sinicaiana6318Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions partofthemodifieroftheNP’sheadnoun孩子háizi‘child’,togetherwiththerelativeclause偷东西的tōudōngxide‘whosteals’,altogethermeaning‘thechildwhosteals’.InCCL-CxnBank,the‘Expandable’featureof[一yí+个ge+VP]isthussetto‘false’,thereforepreventingthechunkslikethosein(8b)and(8c)frombeingrecognisedasconstructsoftheconstruction[一yí+个ge+VP]inautomaticsyntacticparsing. 3.1.3 SchematicElements(Variables)WhichMaynotFormaConstituentasaWhole Letusconsiderthefollowingexamples: 9.a.这批货要多少有多少。
zhèpīhuòyàoduōshǎoyǒuduōshǎothisclfgoodsrequirehow.manyhavehow.many‘Asforthisbatchofgoods,youcanhaveasmanyasyouneed’. b.接下来不作解释了,能理解多少理解多少。
jiēxiàláibúzuò jiěshìlenénglíjiě duōshǎo nextnotconductexplainsfprehendhow.much líjiě duōshǎo comprehendhow.much ‘(I)shallexplainnomore.Tryprehendasmuchas(you)can’. c.观众爱给多少给多少,不给也无妨。
guānzhòngàigěiduōshǎogěiduōshǎo audiencelikegivehow.muchgivehow.much bùgěi yě wúfáng notgivealsoeptable ‘Audiencemaygiveasmuchastheylike,evennothing’. d.有多少根发梢便会传递多少缕柔情蜜意。
yǒuduōshǎogēnfà-shāobiàn huìchuándì havehow.manyclfhair-endthereforecanconvey duōshǎo lǚróuqíng-mìyì how.manyclftender-affection ‘Menwillbefascinatedbyherthickhair’. (9a)displaystheconstruction[V1+多少duōshǎo+V2+多少duōshǎo]‘theamountofV1leadstothesameamountofV2’.Chunkswithsimilarpatternsalsoappearin(9b)-(9d),whichconveysimilarmeanings,indicatingthatthequantityinvolvedinthelattereventisdependentonthequantityinvolvedintheformerone.However,chunksin(9b-d)cannotbetreatedastrueinstantiationsoftheconstruction Sinicaiana6319Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions [V1+多少duōshǎo+V2+多少duōshǎo]‘theamountofV1leadstothesameamountofV2’,inthatthechunksafter多少duōshǎo‘howmany’,suchas[有yǒu‘have’...根gēn‘clf’发梢fàshāo‘hairend’]in(9d),donotpleteconstituents.Toountforthis,sentencesin(9)canbefirsttreatedmonphrasestructurerules.Eachsentenceconsistsoftwojuxtaposedphrasestructuresandinterrogativechunkswiththesameformgenerallyuratthesamesyntacticposition.Thewholestructureexpressesadependencycorrelation,whichcanbeinstantiatedbyanynumberofeventpairswithconditionalrelation.Thequantityincludedinthesecondeventcorrespondstothequantityincludedinthefirstevent. Similarphenomenaaremonpoundsentences.Taketheconstruction[再zài‘again’+VP1+也yě‘still’+VP2]‘nomatterhowmuchoneVP1,VP2stillurs’asanexample.Simpleconstructscanbeposedintotheconstants再zàiand也yě,andtwopredicativevariables.However,forplicatedconstructs,thepattern[…再zài…也yě…]establishesalong-distancerelationwhichconnectstwoclauses,ashappensin(10): 10.你奉献得再多,那些人也觉得不够 nǐfèngxiànde zài duōnàxiē yougive compagainmuchthose rén yějuédebúgòu peoplestillthinknotenough ‘Nomatterhowmuchyougive,theywillalwaysthinkitisnotenough’. Themeaningofthewholesentencecanbeposedintothebasicpropositionalmeaningsofthetwoclauseswithanadversativerelation,whichisrepresentedbythetwofunctionwords再zàiand也yě.Describingtheadversativerelationusingthelinearpattern[再zài‘again’+VP1+也yě‘still’+VP2]‘nomatterhowmuchoneVP1,VP2stillurs’isanover-simplification.Infact,thevariablesbetween再zàiand也yěmaynotformaconstituent,butseparatelybelongtothetwoclausesasshowninexample(10).Inaddition,theconstant也yěcanbereplacedbyothertokens,suchas都dōu,总zǒng,还háietc.(allroughlywiththemeaning‘still’,whenusedhere). Constructionssuchasthosein(9)and(10)requiresimilaranalyses:theyarefirstprocessedusingphrasestructurerulesandthenmarkedasconstructswithspecificrelationsordingtoconstructionevokingelementssuchas[再zài…也…yě],[多少duōshǎo…多少duōshǎo]etc. Sinicaiana6320Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions 3.2TheRepresentationofMeanings.AStrategyCombiningParaphraseTemplateandSemanticFrame Thesemanticsmonsentencesfollowstheprinciplepositionality:themeaningsofwordsbinedordingtothestructuralmeaningsofthesentenceswherethesewordsur,asisthecasein(11). 11.北大中文系培养计算语言学本科生 BěidàZhōngwén-xì péiyǎngjìsuàn-yǔyánxué PKUChinese-departmenttrain computational-linguistics běnkē-shēng undergraduate-student ‘ThedepartmentofChineselanguageandliteratureofPKUhasanun- dergraduateprogramputationallinguistics’. Figure2 Thepositionofsentence(11) Thesyntacticstructurederivedfromthesyntacticrulessetin(11)allowsidentificationofthesemanticrolesoftheNPs,where北大中文系BěidàZhōngwén-xì‘thedepartmentofChineselanguageandliteratureofPKU’playstheroleofa‘trainer’,whichisoftenannotatedas‘arg0’inpropbank-stylecorpus,and计算语言学本科生jìsuànyǔyánxuéběnkē-shēng‘undergraduatesputationallinguistics’playstheroleofa‘trainee’,whichisoftenannotatedas‘arg1’. Onewayputethemeaningofaconstructistoparaphraseitintoastructurewhichcanbehandledbygeneralphrasestructurerules.Theparaphrasedsentencecanthenbeprocessedbyasemanticanalyser,whereasemanticrepresentationcanputedordingtothe‘principlepositionality’.Seetheexamplebelow: Sinicaiana6321Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions 12.贝多芬十一岁时,就已经显露了他的音乐天才,被认为是莫扎特第
二。
Bèiduōfēnshíyīsuì shíjiùyǐjīngxiǎnlùle Beethovenelevenyear.oldtimethenalreadyshowpfv tādeyīnyuètiāncáibèirènwéishì hedemusictalentbeiregardcop Mòzhātèdì-èr Mozartsecond ‘Beethovenshowedhismusictalentquiteearly,attheageofeleven.At thattime,hewasregardedasasecondMozart’. 莫扎特第二Mòzhātèdì-èr‘asecondMozart’inexample(12)isanin- stantiationof[N+第二dì-èr].IntheCCL-CxnBank,the‘Paraphrase Template’(释义模板shìyìmúbǎn)ofthisconstructionissetaseither [像xiàng+N+一样yíyàng]or[很hěn+像xiàng+N],bothmean- ing‘likeN’.Thus,(12)canbeparaphrasedas贝多芬十一岁时,就已经显 露了他的音乐天才, 被认为是很像莫扎特····· Bèiduōfēn shíyī-suì shí, jiù yǐjīng xiǎnlù-letādeyīnyuètiāncái,bèirènwéishìhěnxiàngMòzhātè‘Bee- thovenshowedhismusictalentearlyattheageofeleven.Atthattime hewasbelievedtobeverymuchlikeMozart’,where很像莫扎特hěn xiàngMòzhātè‘verymuchlikeMozart’isanordinaryphrasestruc- ture,whosemeaningcanputedbythesemanticanalyserde- signedforprocessingordinaryphrasestructures. Theparaphrasingmethodencountersdifficultieswhendealingwith complicatedmeaningsofconstructs,atleastinthefollowingtwoas- pects.First,paraphrasetemplatesfailintheconstructswherethereis avariablethatdoesnotformaconstituent.Theconstructsillustrated in3.1.3withthepattern[…再zài…也yě…],forexample,displayvar- iablesthatdonotpleteconstituents.Inthiscase,itismore appropriatetodeterminetheirmeaningsbyfirstanalysingthestruc- tureofpoundclauseswheretheconstructappears,andthen representingsuchmeaningsseparately,ratherthanapplyingthepar- aphrasingmethodasin(12).SupposetherearetwoclausesS1andS2, whereS1includes再zàiandS2includes也yě.Thepropositionalmean- ingsofS1andS2areseparatelyrepresentedasP1andP2.Themean- ingofthewholesentenceisrepresentedwithtwopredicateformulas ‘AND(P1,P2)’and‘INEVITABLY(P2)’,wheretheformerrepresentsthe basicpropositionalmeaningofthewholesentence,andthelatterrep- resentsthesubjectiveattitudebroughtbytheconstants再zàiand也 yě,expressingthespeaker’sattitudethatP2willinevitablyhappen. Paraphrasetemplatesalsofailtoprocessconstructionmeanings whentheacquisitionofthemeaningsdependonthecontextrath- erthanontheconstructionitself,suchas[用yòng‘use’+N+说话 shuō-huà‘speak’]‘speakwithN’.Whiletheparaphrasetemplatesof thisconstructionisgiveninCCL-CxnBank,suchas[凭借píngjiè‘rely on’+N+获得huòdé‘gain’+优势yōushì‘advantage’/认同rèntóng ‘approval’/权力quánlì‘power]‘gainadvantage/approval/power Sinicaiana6322Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions withN’,thespecificmeaningofcertainconstructshastobefullydeterminedinthespecificcontext. Morespecifically,说话shuō-huà‘speak’mayeitherhavealiteralmeaning,asin[用智慧yòngzhìhuì‘usewisdom’说话shuō-huà‘speak’],meaning‘speakwithwisdom’,ordisplayametaphoricreading,asin[用行动说话yòngxíngdòng‘useaction’+说话shuō-huà‘speak’],meaning‘speakwithaction’,[用拳头说话yòngquántou‘usefist’+说话shuō-huà‘speak’],meaning‘speakwithfists’.Theconstant说话shuō-huà‘speak’inthisconstructioncanhavedifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.Therefore,themeaningsoftheinstancesofthisconstructioncannotbeeasilyformalisedthroughparaphrasetemplates,whichcanonlyprovideabstractandgeneralmeaningdescriptions.Someotherrepresentationschemasthattrytorepresentconstructionmeaningsbyparaphrasingalsofailinthisconstruction,e.g.AMRforconstructions(Bonialet.al.2018). Constructionmeaningsthataredeterminedbycontextaremoresuitabletobeformalisedbyframerepresentations,whereconstructionalmeaningscanbeincludedthroughattributesintheframe:specificmeaningsimpliedincertaincontextscanbespecifiedasvaluesoftheattributes.Forexample,themeaningoftheconstruction[用yòng‘use’+N+说话shuō-huà‘speak’]‘speakwithN’canberepresentedwiththeframeinfigure3. Figure3 Theframesrepresentingtheliteralandfigurativemeaningsof[用yòng‘use’+N+说话shuō-huà‘speak’]‘speakwithN’ Theframesbelowrepresentthemeaningoftwoinstancesoftheconstruction:用数据说话yòngshùjùshuō-huà‘usefiguresspeak,gainapprovalwithdata’,and用拳头说话yòngquántoushuō-huà‘usefistspeak,acquirepowerbybeatingothers,assertone’sauthoritythroughforce’. Sinicaiana6323Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions Figure4 Theframesrepresentingtheliteralandfigurativemeaningsof用数据说话yòngshùjùshuō-huà‘gainapprovalwithdata’,and用拳头说话yòngquántoushuō-huà‘assertone’sauthoritythroughforce’ Inconclusion,themeaningrepresentationofconstructionscanbeposedintotwolayers,including:
1.ParaphraseTemplate:themeaningswhichcanbeexpressedbysimplymanipulatingsymbolslinearly.
2.SemanticFrame:theimplicitmeaningofaconstructionoftenneedtoberepresentedwithframes. Thesemanticframecanbefurtherdividedintotwotypes:a.theImpliedMeaning:additionalsemanticrelationsareacquiredafterthestructuralanalysisofvariablesandconstants,whicharediscontinuousandremotelyrelated,expressingmeaningssuchasthedependencymeaningexpressedbytherepetitionofinterrogativesonthesamesyntacticposition,ortheadversativerelationexpressedby[再zài+VP1+也yě+VP2]‘nomatterhowmuchoneVP1,VP2stillurs’(seeabove),whichfurtherindicatesasubjectiveattitudeofnecessityetc.b.TheContextualMeaning:themeaningofaspecificconstructhastobeclarifiedinthecontextwhereiturs.Forinstance,intheconstruction[用yòng‘use’+N+说话shuō-huà‘speak’]‘speakwithN’,thevariableNexpressesthemeansbywhichcertainactionstakeplace.Thewholeconstructionusesmeansasametaphorofthepurposeofanaction,suchas用数据说话yòngshùjùshuō-huà‘usedataspeak,supportanidea’(lit.‘speakwithdata’),用成绩说话yòngchéngjìshuō-huà‘usegradesspeak,provesomeability’(lit.‘speakwithgrades’),and用拳头说话yòngquántoushuō-huà‘usefistspeak,todefeatone’sopponent’(lit.‘speakwithfists’)etc.Theabstract Sinicaiana6324Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions aspectsoftheconstruction’sderivedmeanings(suchastheabstract‘objective’meaninghighlightedincertainconstructions)canbedescribedintheCCL-CxnBank,andthespecificaspects,includingsubjectiveattitudessuchasevaluations,standpointsandemotionsetc.,canbeanalysedandaddedordingtothecontextwhileannotatingthecorpus.Thisaspectwillbeelaboratedin§5below. 4TheFrameworkandCurrentStatusofCCL-CxnBank SomeconstructiconprojectsonseverallanguagesaredescribedinLyngfeltetal.(2018).Thequantityofdataincludedintheseprojectssofarisnotverylarge.AbriefsurveyontheseconstructiconsislistedinAppendixI.ThissectionintroducesthedesignframeworkandthecurrentstatusofourprojectonthebasisofZhan(2017),wherethebasicissuesofdevelopingCCL-CxnBankwerebrieflyintroducedanddiscussed. Thedescriptiveframeworkoftheconstructionknowledgeisacoreissueforthedevelopmentofconstructicons.UsingtheEnglishrate-constructionasanexample,Fillmore,Lee-GoldmanandRhodes(2012)summarisedsixtypesofconstructionknowledge:(1)abracketingformulawithsyntacticandsemanticinformationattachedtomotheranddaughternodes;(2)amnemonicname(usedtoaddresstheconstructions);(3)syntacticcategoriesofthemotheranddaughternodes,sometimesfollowedbyinformaldescriptionsoftheirsyntagmaticdistributions;
(4)(optional)informaldescriptionsofthesemanticinformationofthemotheranddaughternodes;(5)aninformalinterpretationofthemeaningoftheconstructionasawhole(similartotraditionaldictionaryexplanations);(6)annotatedsentencescontainingtheconstruction. TheGermanconstructicographyprojectdescribedinLyngfeltetal.(2018)concludedthat,inordertoappropriatelydescribetheidiosyncraticcharacteristicsofconstructionsofaspecificlanguage,thedesignofthedescriptionframeworkhastosuitthegrammaticalcharacteristicsofthespecifictargetlanguage,ratherthantryingtostipulateauniversalgrammaticalframeworkforconstructionsofallthelanguagesaroundtheworld.ThedesignoftheframeworkofCCL-CxnBankisinordancewiththisview,implementingYu(2003)andZhan(1999;2000)asthefundamentalgrammaticalframeworkforthedescriptionofconstructions,whichhavetheiroriginsinZhu(1982;1985). ComparedwithFillmore,Lee-GoldmanandRhodes(2012),wehavedevelopedaframeworkwhichallowstodescribearicheramountofinformationinamorefine-grainedmanner(seeAppendixII).Theframeworkincludessevenparts:(1)basicinformation, Sinicaiana6325Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions (2)constantsandvariables,(3)relationsbetweenconstantsandvariables,(4)syntacticinformation,(5)semanticinformation,(6)pragmaticinformation,(7)references.Eachpartdescribesaspecificaspectofaconstructionentry.Duetospacelimitation,onlythefirstpartisexplainedandillustratedindetailbelow:
7 •FormVariations(构式变体gòushìbiàntǐ)ofagivenconstructioncarrythesamevariable(s)butdifferentconstant(s).Forexample,theconstruction[有yǒu+什么shénme+VP+的de]‘whatistheworthofVP’hasformvariationssuchas[有yǒu+什么shénme+可kě+VP+的de],[有yǒu+什么shénme+好hǎo+VP+的de]etc.,asshownin§3.1.1. •ConstructionType(构式类型gòushìlèixíng)mayeitherbefixed(凝固型nínggùxíng),semi-fixed(半凝固型bàn-nínggùxíng),phrasal(短语型duǎnyǔxíng)pound(复句型fùjùxíng).Forexample,[用yòng‘use’+脚jiǎo‘foot’+投票tóupiào‘vote’]‘votewithfeet’isafixedconstruction,whichcontainsonlyconstantsandnoponents.[人rén‘person’+见jiàn‘meet’+人rén‘person’+V]‘whoevermeetshim/herV’,ontheotherhand,isasemi-fixedconstruction:thistypeofconstructionusuallyhasafixedlength,mostlyfoursyllables,andcontainsoneortwovariants.[NP+倒dào‘but’是shì‘be’+NP]‘althoughNPisNP,...’isanexampleofphrasalconstructions,whichhavevariablelengthandcontainmorethanoneponent;thevariantsaretosomeextentreplaceable.Finally,[NP1+X1,NP2+还hái‘still’+X2+呢ne]‘NP1X1isparedwithNP2X2’ispoundconstruction,withvariablelengthandmorevariants,whichhavehigherreplaceability.ThedefinitionsofthesefourtypesareelaboratedinZhan(2017). •Features(构式特征gòushìtèzhēng):tagsindicateconstructionfeaturesrelatedtotheirsyntax,semanticsorotheraspects.Thissetoftagsisopen,i.e.newtagscanbeadded.Forexample,thetagsattachedtotheconstruction[NP+不bù‘not’+VP+谁shéi‘who’+VP]‘NPdonotVP,whoelseissupposedtodoso’are:(i)省略shěnglüè‘ellipsis’,astheoriginalformofthisconstructionis[如果rúguǒ‘if’+NP+不bù‘not’+VP+那么nàme‘then’+谁shéi‘who’+VP],inwhichtheconditionalconnectives如果rúguǒ‘if’and那么nàme‘then’markingthelogicalrelationbetweenthetwoclausesintheconstructionareomitted;(ii)复现fùxiàn‘recurrence’,sincetherearetwoperfectlyidenticalVPsintheconstruction;(iii)含否定成分hánfǒudìngchéngfèn‘containingnegationmarkers’,sincethereisanegativeword不bù‘not’intheconstruction;(iv)含疑问成分
7 Formoredetailsontheremainingsixparts,pleasevisitthewebsiteofCCL-CxnBank. Sinicaiana6326Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions hányíwènchéngfèn‘containingquestionmarkers’,sincethereisaquestionword谁shéi‘who’;and(v)修辞xiūcí‘rhetoric’,sincethisconstructionisarhetoricalquestion.•NumberofSyllables(构式音节数gòushìyīnjiéshù)capturesthelengthofaconstructionorthenumberofsyllablesallowedfortheconstruction.Forfixedconstructionsitisafixednumber(e.g.(2)for[甩shuǎi‘throw’+锅guō‘pot’]‘passthebuck’),whileforothertypesofconstructionsitisarangeofpossiblenumbers(e.g.
(4)-(10)for[有yǒu‘have’+什么shénme‘what’+NP]‘thereisnoNP’).•NumberofChunks(组块数zǔkuàishù):thenumberofchunksoftheconstructionthatdescribeswhethertheconstructionisseparatedintotwopartsbyma.Forexample,[没有méiyǒu‘nothave’+NP1+就jiù‘then’+等于děngyú‘beequalto’+没有méiyǒu‘nothave’+NP2]‘thelossofNP1leadstothelossofNP2’and[别bié‘don’t’+说shuō‘speak’+
X,连lián‘even’+Y+都dōu‘al
6 | ISBN[print]978-88-6969-407-
3 Peerreview | Openess 307 Submitted2020-10-02 | epted2020-11-30 | Published2020-12-21 ©2020 CreativeCommons4.0Attributionalone DOI 10.30687/978-88-6969-406-6/010 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions 1Introduction ThispaperintroducestheworkonknowledgerepresentationofChineseconstructionsdoneinrecentyearsbytheCentreforChineseLinguistics(CCL)ofPekingUniversity.Ourworkincludestwoparts:thedevelopmentofaChineseconstructicon(provisionallynamedasCCLCxnBank)1andtheannotationofacorpusconsistingofsentencesthatdisplayvarioususagesofconstructioninstances.2Ourworkstemsfromthebeliefthatlinguisticknowledgeresourcescanbettersupportnaturallanguageprocessingandlanguageteachingiftheyareanised,analysed,anddigitisedintodatabasesandannotatedcorpora. Inthepast30years,theconstructionapproachtolanguagehasthrivedamongChineselinguisticstudiesandhasbroughtrichknowledgetobothcasestudiesandsystematicstudies(ZhangB.2008,2018;ZhangJ.2013).Againstthisbackground,since2015CCLhasbeenrunningaprojectonthedevelopmentofaChineseconstructicondatabase,whichisthefirstChineseconstructiconprisingbothaconstructionknowledgedatabaseandanannotatedcorpus.CCL-CxnBankservesasasupplementtothecurrentnaturallanguageengineeringpracticethatinputationallinguisticsisbasedmonly-usedgrammaticalunits,suchaswordsandphrases.Uptonow,thisprojecthasalreadycollectedover1,000Chineseconstructionsandrecordedtheirsyntactic,semantic,andpragmaticinformation.Moreover,relationshipsamongconstructions,suchassynonymy,antonymy,andhyponymy/hyperonymyrelations,havealsobeenincluded,inordertoprovideamoresystematicandcoherentknowledgerepresentationschemeforChineseconstructions.Finally,anonlinecorpusannotationplatformhasbeendevelopedtoannotatetheinternalstructureandthesubjectiveattitudemeaningofeachconstructthatursinrealtexts,withtheaimofprovidingprehensivedescriptionoftheactualusagesofconstructionsinrealcontexts.3 ThispaperpresentsourworkinprogressandsomeofthemajorchallengesweencounteredinthedevelopmentofCCL-CxnBank.§2presentsourdefinitionandunderstandingoftheterm‘construction’paringitwiththeconventionalgrammaticalunitnotionof‘phrase’,whichmonlyusedtorefertoaformalrepresentation
1 ThewebsiteofCCL-CxnBankisgd.
2 Wehavealsosetupawebsiteasaworkingplatformforannotatingthecorpus,whichiscurrentlyonlyessibletoauthorisedannotators.Thewebsiteislannotator/public/index.php.
3 ‘Construction’and‘construct’inthispaperareusedtorefertoconstructiontypeandtokenrespectively.‘Constructicon’referstotheconstructiondatabaseinwhichconstructionentriesandtheirlinguisticattributesareanisedandrecorded. Sinicaiana6308Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions schemeinsyntacticstructuresintheknowledgeengineeringpracticesputer.§3discussesissuesintherepresentationoftheformsandmeaningsofconstructions.§4givesanoverviewofCCLCxnBankanddiscussesthemethodologyadoptedinitsdevelopment.§5presentsourworkoncorpusannotation,includinganintroductionoftheonlineplatformforannotationandsomerelatedchallenges.Thelastsectionconcludesbypresentingthesignificanceofourworkandthefuturedirectionofdevelopmentofconstructionresources. 2ThePropertiesofConstructions.ComparingConstructionswithPhrases Fromtheviewpointoflanguageresourcesdevelopment,Zhan(2017)analysedtherelationshipanddifferencesexistingbetweenconstructionsandconventionalgrammaticalunits,i.e.words,phrasesetc.ThisworkadoptsZhan’s(2017)perspective:below,wediscusssomemajorsandproposesomefurtherconsiderations. Unlikesomeconstructionistswhomaintainthatallunitsofagrammaticalsystemareconstructions(Croft2001),wetreatconstructionsplementsmonphrases:inourview,plementwordsandphrasesratherthantotallyreplacingthem.4Thisisbasedonourunderstandingofconstructionsandconventionallanguageunits.Conventionallanguageunitscanbeclassifiedintowordsandphrases.Wordshavefixedinternalstructuresandcannotbeposedofsmallergrammaticalunits.Phraseshaveexpandableinternalstructuresandcanbeposedofsmallerphrases.Thisclassificationallowsgreaterefficiencyandconvenienceindevelopingandmaintaininglanguageresourcedatabases.Inalanguageresourcedatabase,alimited(butlarge)numberofwordsarelistedentrybyentry,whileaninfinitenumberofphrasescanbedescribedwithafinitenumberofsyntacticrulesbasedonafinitenumberofgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnoun,verb,nounphrase,verbphraseetc.However,inalinguisticsystem,othertypesoflinguisticunitscanbeidentified(thatwecall‘constructions’,Zhan2017),whichdifferinthefollowingrespects. First,constructionsemergemonphrases,whichareformedbywords.Therefore,constructionsaredifferentfromwords,
4 Treatingwordsasconstructionsismerelyatheoreticalorlabellingissue.Wordscanbetreatedasconstructionsfroma‘form-meaning’pairperspective,butitmakeslittledifferenceintheknowledgeengineeringpractice.ForlanguageswithlittleornoinflectionsuchasChinese,knowledgeinadictionaryisstoredinexactlythesamewayasinconstructions’description:eachentryisa‘wordform-wordmeaning’pair.Inotherwords,referringtowordsas‘wordconstructions’or‘words’makesnodifferenceintheknowledgeengineeringpractice. Sinicaiana6309Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions whichareposedofsmallergrammarunits.Fromthepointofviewofformalgrammar,awordcanevenberegardedasthesmallestgrammaticalunitoratomicunitandthereisnoneedtoanalyseitsponents. Second,constructionsaredifferentfromphrases.Intraditionallinguistics,phrasesaretreatedascoregrammaticalunits.Theformalisationofphrasesincludesfourelements:relationships,heads,categoriesandhierarchies.Thesefourelementsjointlydisplayasyntagmaticandrecursivenaturewithinphrases:(1)thesyntagmaticrelationsbetweenconstituentswithinphrases,(2)theheadrolesinthephrases,(3)thegrammaticalcategoriesthephrasesandtheirconstituentsbelongto,and(4)thehierarchical(tree)structuresinwhichthephrasesareanised.Thesyntacticdescriptionofthesefouraspectsisthefoundationforputationofthemeaningofphrases(Jurafsky,Martin2000,chs.15.1,15.2).Onthecontrary,typicalconstructionshaveweakrelationshipsbetweentheconstituents,noprominentheadroles,onlylimitedvariationsintheirponents,andalinearinternalstructureratherthanahierarchicalone.Fromtheperspectiveofmeaning,theacquisitionofthemeaningsofphrasesgenerallyfollowsthesocalled‘principlepositionality’,statingthatthemeaningofawholesentenceisacquiredbythebinationofitsconstituentparts(Partee2004).Asforconstructions,themeaningofaconstructisbinationofthemeaningsofitsconstituentsandthemeaningoftheconstructioninwhichthesewordsur.Therefore,constructionsarenotconventionalphrases. Third,wecaneitherrefertoconstructionsasphrasesorrefertophrasesasconstructions(Croft2001).Ifwerefertoconstructionsasphrases,constructionsareuniquephrases;ifwerefertophrasesasconstructions,phrasesareschematisedconstructions(Zhan2017).Itistheoreticallyreasonabletorefertophrasesasconstructions;however,categorisingthemasthesamegrammaticalunitdoesnotmeantheyhaveidenticalgrammaticalproperties.Constructionsandconventionalphrasesstilldifferinmanybasicgrammaticalpropertiessuchasrecursivenesspositionality.Forexample,constructionscanusuallybeembeddedinconventionalphrases,whileonlyalimitednumberofphrasescanbeembeddedintoconstructions.Example(1)illustratestwosentenceswiththesamepattern:[不是búshì+N1+的de+N2].5N1differsfromN2in(1a),whilein(1b)N1andN2
5 TheglossesfollowthegeneralguidelinesoftheLeipzigGlossingRules.Additionalglossesinclude:bei=‘Chinese被bèimarker’,oftenlabelledasapassivemarker;de=‘Chineseparticle的de’,functioningasmodificationmarkerornominaliser;mp=‘moodparticle’(inChinesetheyareusedtoaddvariousmoods,includinginterrogation,request,mand,emphasisandexclamation,toanutterance);sfp=‘sentencefinalparticle’.In-textabbreviationsareasfollows:N=‘noun’;NP=‘nounphrase’;V=‘verb’; Sinicaiana6310Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions areidentical(repetitionofnounswiththesameform):(1b)includesaconstructoftheconstruction[不是búshì+N+的de+N],meaning‘NthatisnotN’. 1.a.怎么解决这不是正品的问题?
zěnmejiějuézhèbúshìzhèng-pǐn dewèntí howsolvethisnotcopgenuine-productdeproblem ‘Howtosolvetheproblemthatmodityisnotgenuine?
’ b.怎么解决这不是问题的问题?
zěnmejiějuézhèbúshìwèntí dewèntí howsolvethisnotcopproblemdeproblem ‘Howtosolvethisproblemwhichisnotaproblem?
’ paringtheexamplesabove,itisobviousthattheinstanceofthelinearpattern[不是+N1+的de+N2]in(1a)hasadifferentinternalhierarchicalstructure,whichcanbeexpandedintoadifferentform.(2)istheexpansionof(1a),whichmaintainstheoriginalhierarchicalstructure.
2.怎么解决这个商品不是厂家正品的严重失信问题?
zěnmejiějuézhègeshāngpǐnbúshìchǎngjiā howsolvethismoditynotcopmanufacturer zhèng-pǐn deyánzhòngshīxìn wèntí genuine-productdeseriousdishonestyproblem ‘Howtosolvetheproblemthatmodityisnotagenuineprod- uctofthemanufacturer,whichindicatesaseriousdishonestconduct?
’ However,theinstanceofthepattern[不是búshì+N+的de+N]‘NthatisnotN’in(1b)cannotbeexpandedasthatin(1a).[不是búshì+问题wèntí+的de+问题wèntí]‘aproblemwhichisnotaproblem’isafixedlanguageunit:问题wèntí‘problem’canonlybesubstitutedwithalimitednumberofnounssuchas办法bànfǎ‘method’,理由lǐyóu‘reason’,机会jīhuì‘chance’,结局jiéjú‘e’,妈妈māma‘mother’etc.Thegenerativecapacityofthispatternislimitedparedwiththatofphrasepatternsshowninexample(1a)and
(2).Furthermore,itcarriesanadditionalinherentmeaningthatgoesbeyondthemeaningof不是búshìand问题wèntí,whichcouldbeparaphrasedas‘itisonlyatitularN’or‘itisnotatypicalN,but,heless,wecangrudginglytreatitasone’etc.Thespecificmeaningisdeterminedbythecontextinwhichthepatternurs. VP=‘verbphrase’;A=‘adjective’;AP=‘adjectivephrase’;CLP=‘numeralplusclassifierphrase’;
X,Y,...=‘constituentswitharbitrarysyntacticcategory’. Sinicaiana6311Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions Aboveall,constructionsaredifferentfromconventionalgrammaticalunits,i.e.wordsandphrases,inamajorrespect:inlanguageengineering,mappingbetweenformsandmeaningsofconstructionsneedtobelistedentrybyentry,justlikethoseofwords;binatorialpropertiesofconstructions,ontheotherhand,needtobedescribedlikethoseofphrases. 3TheFormandMeaningRepresentationofConstructions ordingtoZhan(2017)andfollowingtheconsiderationsabove,theformsofconstructionsshouldbedescribedaslinearpatternswithspecificlexicalelements(whichwecall‘constants’)andschematicelements(whichwecall‘variables’).Withinaconstruction,constantsarespecificwords,andvariablesarerepresentedbypart-of-speechtagsorsyntacticcategoriesofphrases(
N,V,NP,VPetc.).Somevariablesincertainconstructionscanbeinstantiatedwithelementsofdifferentphrasecategories,whichismentionedaboveas‘de-categorisation’.Thefollowingexamplesillustratethevariablesinstantiatedbywordcategories,phrasecategoriesandcross-categoryelements. Table1 Someexamplesofbinedwithconstantsandvariables Constructions V+一yī‘one’+clf+是shì‘cop’+一yī‘one’+clf‘EverybehaviourwhichVindicatescounts’说shuō‘speak’+VP+就jiù‘immediately’+VP‘CarryoutthebehaviourindicatedbyVPimmediatelyafterpromisingtoVP’ 除了chúle‘besides’+X+还是háishì‘still’+X‘ThereisnothingbutX’ Constructs 说一句是一句shuōyījùshìyījù‘Everywordcounts’ 说给钱就给钱shuōgěiqiánjiùgěiqián‘Payimmediatelyafterpromisingtopay’除了下雨还是下雨chúlexiàyǔháishìxiàyǔ‘Itrainsendlessly’除了馒头还是馒头chúlemántouháishìmántou‘Thereisnothingtoeatbutsteamedbuns’ Constants(Words)一yī‘one’是shì‘cop’ 说shuō‘speak’就jiù‘immediately’ 除了chúle‘besides’还是háishì‘still’ Variables(Categories)V,clf VP X(
N,V,Aetc.) Sinicaiana6312Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions Constructionssharesemanticpropertiesbothwithwordsandwithphrases.Ontheonehand,themeaningsofconstructionshavetobelistedentrybyentryjustlikewords,inordertodescribefixedrelationsbetweenformandmeaning.Ontheotherhand,themeaningofconstructionshastoputedbiningthemeaningsoftheconstituentsfollowingthe‘principlepositionality’,justlikephrases.Thefollowingtwosectionspresentanddiscussissuesintherepresentationofconstructionformsandmeanings. 3.1TheRepresentationofForms.VariationsandExtensionsofConstructsinActualUse Theinternalstructureofaconstructionisrepresentedasalinearpatternconsistingofseveralconstantsandvariables.Whileitisgenerallynotnecessarytoconsiderrecursivenessinthestructuralrepresentationofaconstruction(typically,aconstructcannotbeembeddedintoaconstructofthesameconstruction),someconstructionsdisplayalimitedexpansioncapacity.Zhan(2017)analysedthebasicformsofconstructions,whichareconsideredtobestableandfixed.Herewefurtherdiscusstheformvariationsofconstructions,whichcanbedistinguishedintothreetypes. 3.1.1TheVariationofLexicallySpecifiedElementsofaConstruction Letusconsiderthefollowingexamples: 3.a.有什么大惊小怪的 a’.没有什么大惊小怪的 yǒushénmedàjīngxiǎoguàide méiyǒushénmedàjīngxiǎoguàide havewhatfuss de nothavewhatfuss de ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ b.有什么可大惊小怪的 b’.没有什么可大惊小怪的 yǒushénmekě dàjīngxiǎoguàide méiyǒushénmekě dàjīngxiǎoguàide havewhatmay fuss de nothavewhatmay mayfuss de ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ c.有什么好大惊小怪 没有什么好大惊小怪 yǒushénmehǎo dàjīngxiǎoguài c’.méiyǒushénmehǎo dàjīngxiǎoguài havewhatworth fuss nothavewhatworth fuss ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ d.有什么好大惊小怪的 d’.没有什么好大惊小怪的 yǒushénmehǎo dàjīngxiǎoguàide méiyǒushénmehǎo dàjīngxiǎoguàide havewhatworth fuss de nothavewhatworth fuss de ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ ‘Thereisnothingtofussabout’ Sinicaiana6313Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions Theformoftheconstructioninexample(3)is[有yǒu+什么shénme+VP+的de]‘thereisnoneedtoVP’,asin(3a).(3b)-(3d)arevariationsofthisconstructionwithotherconstantsadded,suchas可kě‘may’,好hǎo‘worth’,orwiththeconstant的deomitted.有yǒu‘have’intheseconstructsmayalsoappearinitsnegatedform,没有méiyǒu,asin(3a’)-(3d’),meaning‘thereisnoneedtoVP’,‘itisworthlesstoVP’etc.Thevariationsofaconstructionformcanbeeitherexhaustivelylistedintheconstructiconorcapturedbyregularexpressions.Theconstructionforminexample(3)canberepresentedas[(有yǒu|没有méiyǒu)什么shénme(好hǎo|可kě)?
(VP)(的de)?
],where‘?
’indicateszerooroneleftwardcharacter,and‘|’indicatesdisjunction,matchingeitherleftorrightcharacter.Regularexpressionscanberepresentedbythefinitestatework(FSTN).TheFSTNoftheconstructioninexample(3)isillustratedinfigure1below(Chomsky1956). Figure1 TheFSTNrecognisingformvariationsoftheconstruction[有yǒu+什么shénme+VP+的de] Amongthe1,066entriesinCCL-CxnBank,816aremarkedasnothavingformvariations,and250entriesaremarkedashavingsome(about23.45%).Constructionsvarybothinthenumberandthedegreeofformvariations.Thebasicformoftheconstructioninexample(4)is[A+就jiù‘exactly’+A+在zài‘on’+X]‘itisindeedXwhichmakesitA’,withplicatedinstantiationsthanexample
(3):(4a)isaninstancethatcanmatchtheconstructionformexactly;in(4b),theauxiliary可能kěnéng‘may’isinsertedbefore就jiù‘indeed’asaconstantoftheconstruction;in(4c)and(4d),就jiù‘indeed’isreplacedby就是jiùshì‘exactly’and也就yějiù‘alsoexactly’,respectively.Besides,in(4c)and(4d),thefirstvariableisseparatedfromtherestbyma. Sinicaiana6314Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions 3.a.个人申请贷款,麻烦就麻烦在担保和抵押。
gèrénshēnqǐngdàikuǎnmáfan jiùmáfan individualapply.forloantroublesomeindeedtroublesome zàidānbǎo hé dǐyā onguaranteeandmortgage ‘Thetroublesofindividualapplicationofloanslieexactlyonguar- anteesandmortgages’. b.他的主子大人将来倒霉可能就倒霉在狗的身上。
tādezhǔzidàrénjiāngláidǎoméi kěnéngjiù hedemasterlordfutureunfortunatemayindeed dǎoméi zàigǒudeshēnshàng unfortunateondogdebodyon ‘Somethingunfortunatemayhappentohislordmasterexactlybe- causeofthedog’. c.很多学生觉得文言文难,就是难在一些实词和虚词上。
hěnduōxuéshēngjuédewényánwén nán jiùshì manystudentthinkClassical.Chinesedifficultexactly nánzàiyìxiēshící héxūcí shàng difficultonsomecontent.wordandfunction.wordabove ‘ManystudentsthinkthatthedifficultiesofClassicalChineselie exactlyonsomecontentwordsandfunctionwords’. d.处方的‘含金量’高,也就高在用进口药和合资企业药的比重猛增。
chùfāng dehánjīnliànggāoyějiù gāo prescriptiondegold.contenthighalsoindeedhigh zàiyòngjìnkǒu yào héhézī qǐyè onuseimportedmedicineandjoint.ventureenterprise yào debǐzhòngměngzēng medicinederatio soar ‘The‘truevalue’(price)ofthemedicalprescriptionsishighexact- lybecauseofthesoaringoftheratioofthemedicinesused,which areproducedbyforeignandjointventureenterprises’. Theformvariationsin(4a)and(4b)pletegrammaticalunits,whilein(4c-d)theconstructionvariationsmaynotbegrammaticalconstituents.In(4c),难,就是难在一些实词和虚词上nánjiùshìnánzàiyìxiēshícíhéxūcíshàng‘difficultieslieonsomecontentwordsandfunctionwords’canbetreatedeitheraspleteconstituentorastwoclausesseparatedbyma,witheachclauseactingasaconstituent.Thus,(4c)isnolongerappropriatetobetreatedasaconstructinstantiatedfromtheformvariationoftheconstruction[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X],atleastnotthesameasthatinstantiatedbyexamples(4a)and(4b),eventhoughtheyalmostsharethesamemeaning. Sinicaiana6315Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions Thisconstructionhasevenmoreformvariations,suchas(4a’)and(4c’)below,whichareexpandedfrom(4a)and(4c). 4.a’.个人申请贷款的麻烦,最主要就麻烦在担保和抵押。
gèrén shēn•qǐn•gdàikuǎ•n•d•e•m•á•fa•n••zuì zhǔyào individualapply.forloandetroublemostmain jiù máfan zàidānbǎohédǐyā indeedtroublesomeonguaranteeandmortgage ‘Thetroublesofindividualapplicationofloanslieexactlyonguar- anteesandmortgages’. c’.文言文难,很多学生觉得就是难在一些实词和虚词上。
• •••••••••••• wényánwén nánhěnduōxuéshēngjuédejiù shì Classical.Chinesedifficultmanystudentthinkindeedcop nánzàiyìxiēshící héxūcí shàng difficultonsomecontent.wordandfunction.wordabove ‘ThedifficultiesofClassicalChinese,somestudentsthink,lieex- actlyonsomecontentwordsandfunctionwords’. In(4a’)and(4c’),iftheboldpartsaretreatedastheformvariationsoftheconstruction[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X],someproblemsarisewhentryingtorepresenttheformoftheconstructionvariations,becauseregularexpressionswillcapturechunkswithnolinguisticsignificancewhentryingtomatchtheconstructsinthesentences.Thechunks最主要zuìzhǔyào‘themostimportant’in(4a’)and很多学生觉得hěnduōxuéshēngjuéde‘manystudentsthinkthat...’in(4c’)appearbetweenaconstantandavariable.Amoduleneedstobespecificallydesignedtohandlethesestringsappropriately. Examplesin(3)and(4)showthat,whiletheconstantsin[有yǒu+什么shénme+VP+的de]havelimitedformvariationswhichcanbecapturedratherpreciselyandexhaustivelybyregularexpressions,therelationbetweenthefirstvariable‘A’andtheconstant就jiùin[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X]isrelativelyloose.Inrealtexts,languagechunksofvariouscategoriescanbeinsertedbetweentheconstantandthevariableintheconstructs,displayinggreatvariability.Althoughtheseconstructsexpressthesamebasicmeaning,theirformscannotbeexhaustivelyandappropriatelydescribed.Theinternalstructureoftheconstructionin(4)requiresfurtherexamination.Inotherwords,theconstruction[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X]isnotamonolithicwhole.Thechunkresponsiblefortheexplanationis[A+在zài+X],urringafter就jiù.[就jiù+A+在zài+X]isarelativelyindependentchunk,whichcanbeusedseparatelyfromtheprecedingvariable‘A’,asin(4a’)and(4c’).Itwouldbemorereasonabletoinclude[A+在zài+X]asaseparateconstructionentry,specifyingthatitisasynonymof[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X].Whenprocessingsentenceswithsuchconstructs,theconstruct[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X]hasthepriorityovertheothers,ordingto Sinicaiana6316Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions thegreedymatchingprinciple.If[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X]failstomatchanyconstruct,[A+在zài+X]willbecalledinformatching.6 3.1.2 ExpansionbyJuxtapositionofConstructionsintheFormofChunks Letusconsiderthefollowingexamples:
5.新就新在财政部门认真对待全国人大、政协、‘两会’代表、委员的意见上, 新在他们转变作风、行动迅速上。
xīnjiùxīnzàicáizhèngbùmén rènzhēnduìdài newexactlynewonfinancialdepartmentseriouslytreat quánguóréndàzhèngxiéliǎng-huì dàibiǎo
N.P.C.
N.P.P.C.C.Two-Sessionsrepresentatives wěiyuándeyìjiànshàngxīnzàitāmenzhuǎnbiàn committeedeadviceon newbe.attheychange zuòfēngxíngdòngxùnsùshàng styleact rapidlyabove ‘ThenoveltyliesinthefactthattheFinancialDepartmenttookveryse- riouslytheadvicegivenbyN.P.C.,
N.P.P.C.C.,andtherepresentatives mitteesoftheTwoSessions,regardingtheirchangeinwork- ingstyleandactionspeed’.
6.一整天在湖上晃呀晃、拐呀拐的也是一种度日方式吧。
yìzhěngtiānzàihúshànghuàngyahuàng onewholedayonlakeon wagglempwaggle yaguǎideyěshìyìzhǒngdù rìfāngshìba mpturndealsocoponeclfspenddaywaymp ‘Wagglingandturningaroundalldaylongonthelakeisalsoawayto spendtheday’.
7.喜剧不是喜剧,闹剧不是闹剧,丑角不是丑角,痞子不是痞子,简直滑稽至 极。
xǐjù búshìxǐjù nàojùbúshìnàojù comedynotedyfarcenotcopfarce chǒujuébúshìchǒujuépǐzibúshìpǐzi clownnotcopclown ruffiannotcopruffian jiǎnzhíhuájī zhìjí simplyridiculoustoutmost
6 Anothermethodistotreatexamples(4a’)and(4c’)asseparableusagesofaconstruction,whichrequiresformmatchingofadiscontinuousstring,thusmakingthematchingprocessplicated. Sinicaiana6317Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions ‘Itisneitheredynorafarce,theclownisnotaclownandtheruffianisnotaruffian:it’sridiculous’. Thebasicformoftheconstructin(5)is[A+就jiù+A+在zài+X](sameasinexample
(4)),with[A+在zài+X]partiallyexpanding,appearingtwiceinthesentence.Similarly,thepattern[V+呀ya+V]‘Vagainandagain’,whosebasicformis[V+呀ya+V+的de]‘V-ingagainandagain’,expandsandappearstwicein
(6).Thebasicformoftheconstructionin(7)is[N1+不是búshìN1,N2+不是búshì+N2]‘itisneitherN1norN2’,whichalreadyincludestwojuxtaposedchunks.In
(7),thewholeconstructexpands,differentlyfrom(5)and
(6),wheretheconstructsonlypartiallyexpand. The‘Expandable’(是否可扩展shìfǒukěkuòzhǎn)featureinCCLCxnBankisusedtodescribetheconstructsillustratedabove.Itsdefaultvalueis‘true’,whichallowsexpansionbyjuxtaposition.Forconstructionswhichcannotexpandjuxtapositionally,thevaluewillbe‘false’. 8.a.一个不留神,摔了个大跟头。
yígebùliúshénshuāilegedàgēntouoneclfnocautionfallpfvclfbigsomersault‘Withoutcaution,(someone)fellheavily’. b.一个愿打,一个愿挨。
yígeyuàndǎyígeyuànāioneclfwillingbeatoneclfwillingendure‘Oneiswillingtobeat,theotheriswillingtobebeaten’. c.一个使劲骂一个偷东西的孩子,还有一个[…] yígeshǐjìn màyígetōudōngxide oneclfcontinuouslyscoldoneclfstealthingde háiziháiyǒuyí ge childalsohaveoneclf ‘Onekeepsonscoldingachildwhosteals,theother[…]’ 一个不留神yígebùliúshénin(8a)isaninstantiationoftheconstruction[一yí+个ge+VP]‘onemomentofVP(leadsto)...’,whichisalsosharedbyinstantiationssuchas[一yí‘one’个ge‘clf’没méi‘not’站稳zhàn-wěn‘stand-steady’]‘onemomentofinstability...’,[一yí‘one’个ge‘clf’手shǒu‘hand’软ruǎn‘soft’]‘onemomentofloosenedgrip...’etc.,allconveyingthehappeningofunexpectedeventswhichbringaboutundesirableresults.However,althoughthesentencesin(8b)and(8c)formallydisplaythe[一yí+个ge+VP]pattern,theyarenotinstantiationsofthisconstruction.Rather,一个yíge‘one’actsasthesubject(withtheheadnounomitted)ofthefollowingpredicate.In(8c),thereisalsoasecond一个yíge,whichis Sinicaiana6318Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions partofthemodifieroftheNP’sheadnoun孩子háizi‘child’,togetherwiththerelativeclause偷东西的tōudōngxide‘whosteals’,altogethermeaning‘thechildwhosteals’.InCCL-CxnBank,the‘Expandable’featureof[一yí+个ge+VP]isthussetto‘false’,thereforepreventingthechunkslikethosein(8b)and(8c)frombeingrecognisedasconstructsoftheconstruction[一yí+个ge+VP]inautomaticsyntacticparsing. 3.1.3 SchematicElements(Variables)WhichMaynotFormaConstituentasaWhole Letusconsiderthefollowingexamples: 9.a.这批货要多少有多少。
zhèpīhuòyàoduōshǎoyǒuduōshǎothisclfgoodsrequirehow.manyhavehow.many‘Asforthisbatchofgoods,youcanhaveasmanyasyouneed’. b.接下来不作解释了,能理解多少理解多少。
jiēxiàláibúzuò jiěshìlenénglíjiě duōshǎo nextnotconductexplainsfprehendhow.much líjiě duōshǎo comprehendhow.much ‘(I)shallexplainnomore.Tryprehendasmuchas(you)can’. c.观众爱给多少给多少,不给也无妨。
guānzhòngàigěiduōshǎogěiduōshǎo audiencelikegivehow.muchgivehow.much bùgěi yě wúfáng notgivealsoeptable ‘Audiencemaygiveasmuchastheylike,evennothing’. d.有多少根发梢便会传递多少缕柔情蜜意。
yǒuduōshǎogēnfà-shāobiàn huìchuándì havehow.manyclfhair-endthereforecanconvey duōshǎo lǚróuqíng-mìyì how.manyclftender-affection ‘Menwillbefascinatedbyherthickhair’. (9a)displaystheconstruction[V1+多少duōshǎo+V2+多少duōshǎo]‘theamountofV1leadstothesameamountofV2’.Chunkswithsimilarpatternsalsoappearin(9b)-(9d),whichconveysimilarmeanings,indicatingthatthequantityinvolvedinthelattereventisdependentonthequantityinvolvedintheformerone.However,chunksin(9b-d)cannotbetreatedastrueinstantiationsoftheconstruction Sinicaiana6319Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions [V1+多少duōshǎo+V2+多少duōshǎo]‘theamountofV1leadstothesameamountofV2’,inthatthechunksafter多少duōshǎo‘howmany’,suchas[有yǒu‘have’...根gēn‘clf’发梢fàshāo‘hairend’]in(9d),donotpleteconstituents.Toountforthis,sentencesin(9)canbefirsttreatedmonphrasestructurerules.Eachsentenceconsistsoftwojuxtaposedphrasestructuresandinterrogativechunkswiththesameformgenerallyuratthesamesyntacticposition.Thewholestructureexpressesadependencycorrelation,whichcanbeinstantiatedbyanynumberofeventpairswithconditionalrelation.Thequantityincludedinthesecondeventcorrespondstothequantityincludedinthefirstevent. Similarphenomenaaremonpoundsentences.Taketheconstruction[再zài‘again’+VP1+也yě‘still’+VP2]‘nomatterhowmuchoneVP1,VP2stillurs’asanexample.Simpleconstructscanbeposedintotheconstants再zàiand也yě,andtwopredicativevariables.However,forplicatedconstructs,thepattern[…再zài…也yě…]establishesalong-distancerelationwhichconnectstwoclauses,ashappensin(10): 10.你奉献得再多,那些人也觉得不够 nǐfèngxiànde zài duōnàxiē yougive compagainmuchthose rén yějuédebúgòu peoplestillthinknotenough ‘Nomatterhowmuchyougive,theywillalwaysthinkitisnotenough’. Themeaningofthewholesentencecanbeposedintothebasicpropositionalmeaningsofthetwoclauseswithanadversativerelation,whichisrepresentedbythetwofunctionwords再zàiand也yě.Describingtheadversativerelationusingthelinearpattern[再zài‘again’+VP1+也yě‘still’+VP2]‘nomatterhowmuchoneVP1,VP2stillurs’isanover-simplification.Infact,thevariablesbetween再zàiand也yěmaynotformaconstituent,butseparatelybelongtothetwoclausesasshowninexample(10).Inaddition,theconstant也yěcanbereplacedbyothertokens,suchas都dōu,总zǒng,还háietc.(allroughlywiththemeaning‘still’,whenusedhere). Constructionssuchasthosein(9)and(10)requiresimilaranalyses:theyarefirstprocessedusingphrasestructurerulesandthenmarkedasconstructswithspecificrelationsordingtoconstructionevokingelementssuchas[再zài…也…yě],[多少duōshǎo…多少duōshǎo]etc. Sinicaiana6320Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions 3.2TheRepresentationofMeanings.AStrategyCombiningParaphraseTemplateandSemanticFrame Thesemanticsmonsentencesfollowstheprinciplepositionality:themeaningsofwordsbinedordingtothestructuralmeaningsofthesentenceswherethesewordsur,asisthecasein(11). 11.北大中文系培养计算语言学本科生 BěidàZhōngwén-xì péiyǎngjìsuàn-yǔyánxué PKUChinese-departmenttrain computational-linguistics běnkē-shēng undergraduate-student ‘ThedepartmentofChineselanguageandliteratureofPKUhasanun- dergraduateprogramputationallinguistics’. Figure2 Thepositionofsentence(11) Thesyntacticstructurederivedfromthesyntacticrulessetin(11)allowsidentificationofthesemanticrolesoftheNPs,where北大中文系BěidàZhōngwén-xì‘thedepartmentofChineselanguageandliteratureofPKU’playstheroleofa‘trainer’,whichisoftenannotatedas‘arg0’inpropbank-stylecorpus,and计算语言学本科生jìsuànyǔyánxuéběnkē-shēng‘undergraduatesputationallinguistics’playstheroleofa‘trainee’,whichisoftenannotatedas‘arg1’. Onewayputethemeaningofaconstructistoparaphraseitintoastructurewhichcanbehandledbygeneralphrasestructurerules.Theparaphrasedsentencecanthenbeprocessedbyasemanticanalyser,whereasemanticrepresentationcanputedordingtothe‘principlepositionality’.Seetheexamplebelow: Sinicaiana6321Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions 12.贝多芬十一岁时,就已经显露了他的音乐天才,被认为是莫扎特第
二。
Bèiduōfēnshíyīsuì shíjiùyǐjīngxiǎnlùle Beethovenelevenyear.oldtimethenalreadyshowpfv tādeyīnyuètiāncáibèirènwéishì hedemusictalentbeiregardcop Mòzhātèdì-èr Mozartsecond ‘Beethovenshowedhismusictalentquiteearly,attheageofeleven.At thattime,hewasregardedasasecondMozart’. 莫扎特第二Mòzhātèdì-èr‘asecondMozart’inexample(12)isanin- stantiationof[N+第二dì-èr].IntheCCL-CxnBank,the‘Paraphrase Template’(释义模板shìyìmúbǎn)ofthisconstructionissetaseither [像xiàng+N+一样yíyàng]or[很hěn+像xiàng+N],bothmean- ing‘likeN’.Thus,(12)canbeparaphrasedas贝多芬十一岁时,就已经显 露了他的音乐天才, 被认为是很像莫扎特····· Bèiduōfēn shíyī-suì shí, jiù yǐjīng xiǎnlù-letādeyīnyuètiāncái,bèirènwéishìhěnxiàngMòzhātè‘Bee- thovenshowedhismusictalentearlyattheageofeleven.Atthattime hewasbelievedtobeverymuchlikeMozart’,where很像莫扎特hěn xiàngMòzhātè‘verymuchlikeMozart’isanordinaryphrasestruc- ture,whosemeaningcanputedbythesemanticanalyserde- signedforprocessingordinaryphrasestructures. Theparaphrasingmethodencountersdifficultieswhendealingwith complicatedmeaningsofconstructs,atleastinthefollowingtwoas- pects.First,paraphrasetemplatesfailintheconstructswherethereis avariablethatdoesnotformaconstituent.Theconstructsillustrated in3.1.3withthepattern[…再zài…也yě…],forexample,displayvar- iablesthatdonotpleteconstituents.Inthiscase,itismore appropriatetodeterminetheirmeaningsbyfirstanalysingthestruc- tureofpoundclauseswheretheconstructappears,andthen representingsuchmeaningsseparately,ratherthanapplyingthepar- aphrasingmethodasin(12).SupposetherearetwoclausesS1andS2, whereS1includes再zàiandS2includes也yě.Thepropositionalmean- ingsofS1andS2areseparatelyrepresentedasP1andP2.Themean- ingofthewholesentenceisrepresentedwithtwopredicateformulas ‘AND(P1,P2)’and‘INEVITABLY(P2)’,wheretheformerrepresentsthe basicpropositionalmeaningofthewholesentence,andthelatterrep- resentsthesubjectiveattitudebroughtbytheconstants再zàiand也 yě,expressingthespeaker’sattitudethatP2willinevitablyhappen. Paraphrasetemplatesalsofailtoprocessconstructionmeanings whentheacquisitionofthemeaningsdependonthecontextrath- erthanontheconstructionitself,suchas[用yòng‘use’+N+说话 shuō-huà‘speak’]‘speakwithN’.Whiletheparaphrasetemplatesof thisconstructionisgiveninCCL-CxnBank,suchas[凭借píngjiè‘rely on’+N+获得huòdé‘gain’+优势yōushì‘advantage’/认同rèntóng ‘approval’/权力quánlì‘power]‘gainadvantage/approval/power Sinicaiana6322Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions withN’,thespecificmeaningofcertainconstructshastobefullydeterminedinthespecificcontext. Morespecifically,说话shuō-huà‘speak’mayeitherhavealiteralmeaning,asin[用智慧yòngzhìhuì‘usewisdom’说话shuō-huà‘speak’],meaning‘speakwithwisdom’,ordisplayametaphoricreading,asin[用行动说话yòngxíngdòng‘useaction’+说话shuō-huà‘speak’],meaning‘speakwithaction’,[用拳头说话yòngquántou‘usefist’+说话shuō-huà‘speak’],meaning‘speakwithfists’.Theconstant说话shuō-huà‘speak’inthisconstructioncanhavedifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.Therefore,themeaningsoftheinstancesofthisconstructioncannotbeeasilyformalisedthroughparaphrasetemplates,whichcanonlyprovideabstractandgeneralmeaningdescriptions.Someotherrepresentationschemasthattrytorepresentconstructionmeaningsbyparaphrasingalsofailinthisconstruction,e.g.AMRforconstructions(Bonialet.al.2018). Constructionmeaningsthataredeterminedbycontextaremoresuitabletobeformalisedbyframerepresentations,whereconstructionalmeaningscanbeincludedthroughattributesintheframe:specificmeaningsimpliedincertaincontextscanbespecifiedasvaluesoftheattributes.Forexample,themeaningoftheconstruction[用yòng‘use’+N+说话shuō-huà‘speak’]‘speakwithN’canberepresentedwiththeframeinfigure3. Figure3 Theframesrepresentingtheliteralandfigurativemeaningsof[用yòng‘use’+N+说话shuō-huà‘speak’]‘speakwithN’ Theframesbelowrepresentthemeaningoftwoinstancesoftheconstruction:用数据说话yòngshùjùshuō-huà‘usefiguresspeak,gainapprovalwithdata’,and用拳头说话yòngquántoushuō-huà‘usefistspeak,acquirepowerbybeatingothers,assertone’sauthoritythroughforce’. Sinicaiana6323Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions Figure4 Theframesrepresentingtheliteralandfigurativemeaningsof用数据说话yòngshùjùshuō-huà‘gainapprovalwithdata’,and用拳头说话yòngquántoushuō-huà‘assertone’sauthoritythroughforce’ Inconclusion,themeaningrepresentationofconstructionscanbeposedintotwolayers,including:
1.ParaphraseTemplate:themeaningswhichcanbeexpressedbysimplymanipulatingsymbolslinearly.
2.SemanticFrame:theimplicitmeaningofaconstructionoftenneedtoberepresentedwithframes. Thesemanticframecanbefurtherdividedintotwotypes:a.theImpliedMeaning:additionalsemanticrelationsareacquiredafterthestructuralanalysisofvariablesandconstants,whicharediscontinuousandremotelyrelated,expressingmeaningssuchasthedependencymeaningexpressedbytherepetitionofinterrogativesonthesamesyntacticposition,ortheadversativerelationexpressedby[再zài+VP1+也yě+VP2]‘nomatterhowmuchoneVP1,VP2stillurs’(seeabove),whichfurtherindicatesasubjectiveattitudeofnecessityetc.b.TheContextualMeaning:themeaningofaspecificconstructhastobeclarifiedinthecontextwhereiturs.Forinstance,intheconstruction[用yòng‘use’+N+说话shuō-huà‘speak’]‘speakwithN’,thevariableNexpressesthemeansbywhichcertainactionstakeplace.Thewholeconstructionusesmeansasametaphorofthepurposeofanaction,suchas用数据说话yòngshùjùshuō-huà‘usedataspeak,supportanidea’(lit.‘speakwithdata’),用成绩说话yòngchéngjìshuō-huà‘usegradesspeak,provesomeability’(lit.‘speakwithgrades’),and用拳头说话yòngquántoushuō-huà‘usefistspeak,todefeatone’sopponent’(lit.‘speakwithfists’)etc.Theabstract Sinicaiana6324Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions aspectsoftheconstruction’sderivedmeanings(suchastheabstract‘objective’meaninghighlightedincertainconstructions)canbedescribedintheCCL-CxnBank,andthespecificaspects,includingsubjectiveattitudessuchasevaluations,standpointsandemotionsetc.,canbeanalysedandaddedordingtothecontextwhileannotatingthecorpus.Thisaspectwillbeelaboratedin§5below. 4TheFrameworkandCurrentStatusofCCL-CxnBank SomeconstructiconprojectsonseverallanguagesaredescribedinLyngfeltetal.(2018).Thequantityofdataincludedintheseprojectssofarisnotverylarge.AbriefsurveyontheseconstructiconsislistedinAppendixI.ThissectionintroducesthedesignframeworkandthecurrentstatusofourprojectonthebasisofZhan(2017),wherethebasicissuesofdevelopingCCL-CxnBankwerebrieflyintroducedanddiscussed. Thedescriptiveframeworkoftheconstructionknowledgeisacoreissueforthedevelopmentofconstructicons.UsingtheEnglishrate-constructionasanexample,Fillmore,Lee-GoldmanandRhodes(2012)summarisedsixtypesofconstructionknowledge:(1)abracketingformulawithsyntacticandsemanticinformationattachedtomotheranddaughternodes;(2)amnemonicname(usedtoaddresstheconstructions);(3)syntacticcategoriesofthemotheranddaughternodes,sometimesfollowedbyinformaldescriptionsoftheirsyntagmaticdistributions;
(4)(optional)informaldescriptionsofthesemanticinformationofthemotheranddaughternodes;(5)aninformalinterpretationofthemeaningoftheconstructionasawhole(similartotraditionaldictionaryexplanations);(6)annotatedsentencescontainingtheconstruction. TheGermanconstructicographyprojectdescribedinLyngfeltetal.(2018)concludedthat,inordertoappropriatelydescribetheidiosyncraticcharacteristicsofconstructionsofaspecificlanguage,thedesignofthedescriptionframeworkhastosuitthegrammaticalcharacteristicsofthespecifictargetlanguage,ratherthantryingtostipulateauniversalgrammaticalframeworkforconstructionsofallthelanguagesaroundtheworld.ThedesignoftheframeworkofCCL-CxnBankisinordancewiththisview,implementingYu(2003)andZhan(1999;2000)asthefundamentalgrammaticalframeworkforthedescriptionofconstructions,whichhavetheiroriginsinZhu(1982;1985). ComparedwithFillmore,Lee-GoldmanandRhodes(2012),wehavedevelopedaframeworkwhichallowstodescribearicheramountofinformationinamorefine-grainedmanner(seeAppendixII).Theframeworkincludessevenparts:(1)basicinformation, Sinicaiana6325Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions (2)constantsandvariables,(3)relationsbetweenconstantsandvariables,(4)syntacticinformation,(5)semanticinformation,(6)pragmaticinformation,(7)references.Eachpartdescribesaspecificaspectofaconstructionentry.Duetospacelimitation,onlythefirstpartisexplainedandillustratedindetailbelow:
7 •FormVariations(构式变体gòushìbiàntǐ)ofagivenconstructioncarrythesamevariable(s)butdifferentconstant(s).Forexample,theconstruction[有yǒu+什么shénme+VP+的de]‘whatistheworthofVP’hasformvariationssuchas[有yǒu+什么shénme+可kě+VP+的de],[有yǒu+什么shénme+好hǎo+VP+的de]etc.,asshownin§3.1.1. •ConstructionType(构式类型gòushìlèixíng)mayeitherbefixed(凝固型nínggùxíng),semi-fixed(半凝固型bàn-nínggùxíng),phrasal(短语型duǎnyǔxíng)pound(复句型fùjùxíng).Forexample,[用yòng‘use’+脚jiǎo‘foot’+投票tóupiào‘vote’]‘votewithfeet’isafixedconstruction,whichcontainsonlyconstantsandnoponents.[人rén‘person’+见jiàn‘meet’+人rén‘person’+V]‘whoevermeetshim/herV’,ontheotherhand,isasemi-fixedconstruction:thistypeofconstructionusuallyhasafixedlength,mostlyfoursyllables,andcontainsoneortwovariants.[NP+倒dào‘but’是shì‘be’+NP]‘althoughNPisNP,...’isanexampleofphrasalconstructions,whichhavevariablelengthandcontainmorethanoneponent;thevariantsaretosomeextentreplaceable.Finally,[NP1+X1,NP2+还hái‘still’+X2+呢ne]‘NP1X1isparedwithNP2X2’ispoundconstruction,withvariablelengthandmorevariants,whichhavehigherreplaceability.ThedefinitionsofthesefourtypesareelaboratedinZhan(2017). •Features(构式特征gòushìtèzhēng):tagsindicateconstructionfeaturesrelatedtotheirsyntax,semanticsorotheraspects.Thissetoftagsisopen,i.e.newtagscanbeadded.Forexample,thetagsattachedtotheconstruction[NP+不bù‘not’+VP+谁shéi‘who’+VP]‘NPdonotVP,whoelseissupposedtodoso’are:(i)省略shěnglüè‘ellipsis’,astheoriginalformofthisconstructionis[如果rúguǒ‘if’+NP+不bù‘not’+VP+那么nàme‘then’+谁shéi‘who’+VP],inwhichtheconditionalconnectives如果rúguǒ‘if’and那么nàme‘then’markingthelogicalrelationbetweenthetwoclausesintheconstructionareomitted;(ii)复现fùxiàn‘recurrence’,sincetherearetwoperfectlyidenticalVPsintheconstruction;(iii)含否定成分hánfǒudìngchéngfèn‘containingnegationmarkers’,sincethereisanegativeword不bù‘not’intheconstruction;(iv)含疑问成分
7 Formoredetailsontheremainingsixparts,pleasevisitthewebsiteofCCL-CxnBank. Sinicaiana6326Corpus-BasedResearchonChineseLanguageandLinguistics,307-340 ZhanWeidong,WangJiajun,ChenLong,HuangHaibinFormandMeaningRepresentationofChineseConstructions hányíwènchéngfèn‘containingquestionmarkers’,sincethereisaquestionword谁shéi‘who’;and(v)修辞xiūcí‘rhetoric’,sincethisconstructionisarhetoricalquestion.•NumberofSyllables(构式音节数gòushìyīnjiéshù)capturesthelengthofaconstructionorthenumberofsyllablesallowedfortheconstruction.Forfixedconstructionsitisafixednumber(e.g.(2)for[甩shuǎi‘throw’+锅guō‘pot’]‘passthebuck’),whileforothertypesofconstructionsitisarangeofpossiblenumbers(e.g.
(4)-(10)for[有yǒu‘have’+什么shénme‘what’+NP]‘thereisnoNP’).•NumberofChunks(组块数zǔkuàishù):thenumberofchunksoftheconstructionthatdescribeswhethertheconstructionisseparatedintotwopartsbyma.Forexample,[没有méiyǒu‘nothave’+NP1+就jiù‘then’+等于děngyú‘beequalto’+没有méiyǒu‘nothave’+NP2]‘thelossofNP1leadstothelossofNP2’and[别bié‘don’t’+说shuō‘speak’+
X,连lián‘even’+Y+都dōu‘al
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