oring-Form?
StefanM.Moser7May2012Version1.6 InEnglish,whenoneverbfollowsanother,thesecondverbcaneitherbethe-ingformorthetoinfinitive.Itdependsonthefirstverb. Alltheverbsinthissummarymarked∗canalsonormallybefollowedbyathatclausewiththesamemeaning.SeeSection7. Notethatinthefollowing“infinitive”alwaysreferstothebareverbwithoutto.Ifthetoisneeded,wewillalwaysexplicitlymentionit. Contents 1Verb+toInfinitive
2 1.1Verb+toInfinitive:NeverwithObject................2 1.2Verb+toInfinitive:AlwayswithObject...............3 1.3Verb+toInfinitive:SometimeswithObject.............4 2Verb+Infinitive
4 3Verb+-ing
5 4Verbs+toInfinitiveor-ing
6 4.1NoDifferenceinMeaning........................6 4.2SmallDifferenceinMeaning.......................6 4.3FundamentalDifferenceinMeaning...................7 5Verb+Object+toInfinitiveorNoObject+-ing
8 6Verb+Object+-ingorObject+Infinitive(withaDifferencein Meaning)
8 7Verb+thatClause
9 8Adjectives
9 9Disclaimer 10 Index 11
1 Infinitiveoring-Form?

2 1Verb+toInfinitive 1.1Verb+toInfinitive:NeverwithObject (can’t)affordchooselearnplantend ∗agree∗decidemanageprepare∗threaten aim∗demandneglect∗pretend(can’t)wait appeardeserveoffer∗promise∗wish ∗arrangefailomitrefuse attempt∗hopeoughtseem Examples:•Ifyoudecidetoaddnuts...•Don’texpecttohavemuchcakeleft. Noticehowthenegativeisformed:•Ifyoudecidenottoiceit... Remark1.Notetheusageofpromise:•Ipromiseyousomething.•Ipromisetodosomething.•Ipromise(you)(that)Iwilldosomething.•Butnot:Ipromiseyoutodosomething. Remark2.Modalverbsarenormallyonlywithinfinitivewithoutto,seeSection2.Theexceptionisthespecialmodalverbought: •Heoughttotellhisbossaboutit.Beingamodalverb,thenegationnotappliestotheverbdirectly: •Heoughtnottogo.Notethattoisrequiredbothinaffirmativeandnegativestatements. Reserveoughtforexpressingobligation,duty,ornecessity,anduseshouldforexpressingsuitabilityorappropriateness. cStefanM.Moser 7May2012,Version1.6 Infinitiveoring-Form?

3 1.2Verb+toInfinitive:AlwayswithObject dareremind encourageteach forcetell invitewarn order persuade Examples: •Herfathertaughthertoplaytennis. •Theteacherremindedthechildrentobringtheirswimmingthings. Remark3.Darehastwofundamentallydifferentmeanings.Withobjectitmeans“defyorchallengesomeonetodosomething”: •Shewasdaringhimtodisagree. Inthisformitalwaysisverb+toinfinitive.Withoutobjectitmeans“havethecouragetodosomething”andcanlookverb +toinfinitiveorverb+infinitive(withoutto)dependingonthesituation: •Everyoneintheoffiplainsthathesmellsawful,butnobodydares(to)mentionittohim. •I’dneverdare(to)talktomymotherlikethat. •Iwouldn’tdarehaveapartyinmyflatincasetheplained.(Donotusetohere!
) •Idarenot/don’tdarethinkhowmuchit’sgoingtocost.(Donotusetohere!
) •Astoryshedaresnotwritedown. Ruleofthumb:Donotputtoafterwouldn’tdare,don’tdareordarenot(notreferstodare),otherwisebotharepossible.Becarefulaboutthenegation:ifthenotreferstodare,thendon’tputto,ifthenotreferstotheverb,thendoputato: •Anincidenthedaresnottellanyone(about).=heisafraidtotalkaboutit •Anincidenthedaresnottotellanyone.=hehasthecouragetorefusetotalkaboutit cStefanM.Moser 7May2012,Version1.6 Infinitiveoring-Form?

4 1.3Verb+toInfinitive:SometimeswithObject ask ∗assumebeg∗expecthelp∗intend ∗requestwant Examples: •Weexpectedtobelate.⇐⇒WeexpectedTomtobelate. •Wewantedtostaylonger.⇐⇒Wewantedthemtostaylonger. Remark4.Helpcanbefollowedbytheinfinitivewithorwithoutto. •Wehelpedthem(to)starttheircar. Butnotethatcan’thelpcanbefollowedbythe-ingform,butthenhasadifferentmeaning(seeSection4.3). Remark5.Wouldlike,wouldprefer,wouldhate,andwouldlovearealsofollowedbythetoinfinitive.SeeRemark10. Remark6.Unlikethelessformalask,requestusuallysoundsbetterwhenfollowedbythat,ratherthanobject+toinfinitive: •Better:Werequestedthatthestaffpreparethesuites.Awkward:Werequestedthestafftopreparethesuites. •Better:Hildarequestedthathenotdriveacrossthelawn.Awkward:Hildarequestedhimnottodriveacrossthelawn. 2Verb+Infinitive Modalverbs:Otherexpressions: can couldmaymight needn’tshallshouldwill hadbetter wouldrather make+objectlet+object have+object dare(seeRemark3) help(seeRemark4) mustwould cStefanM.Moser 7May2012,Version1.6 Infinitiveoring-Form?

5 Examples:•Youshouldaddthemslowly.•Youneedn’tincludenuts.•Letthecakecoolforhalfanhour.•Imademysisterhelpwiththecooking.•Ihadtheplumberrepairtheleak. Remark7.Thepassiveformofmakeisfollowedbythetoinfinitive.•Iwasmadetodomyhomework.⇐⇒Myfathermademedomyhomework.•Shewasmadetocutherhair.⇐⇒Imadehercutherhair.Fortheonlymodalverboughtthatneedsato,seeRemark2. 3Verb+-ing ∗appreciate∗considerfancykeeppractise ∗admitto avoiddelayfeellikekeeponputoff resortto can’tface∗denyfinish∗mentionquit can’tstanddetestgiveup(not)mindrisk carryondislike∗imaginemissresist ∗confessenjoyinvolvepostpone∗suggest Examples:•Ienjoymakingit.•Avoidaddingtheeggs...•Keepdoingthis...•Isuggestaddingalittlelemonjuice... Noticehowthenegativeisformed:•Ifyoudon’tleaveimmediately,yourisknotcatchingyourplane.•Canyouimaginenothavingamobilephonenowadays?
cStefanM.Moser 7May2012,Version1.6 Infinitiveoring-Form?

6 Remark8.Admitandresortarespecialcases:1theyneedtheprepositiontobeforethe-ing: •Headmittedtohavinglied. •Aftertheirlasthorsehaddied,theyresortedtowalking. 4Verbs+toInfinitiveor-ing 4.1NoDifferenceinMeaning begincan’tbearceasecontinuehateprefer∗proposestart Examples:•Continueaddingtheflour.⇐⇒Continuetoaddtheflour.•Ipreferusingapricots.⇐⇒Iprefertouseapricots.•Ihatemakingcakes.⇐⇒Ihatetomakecakes. Remark9.Two-ingformsdonotusuallyfolloweachother:•Iwasstartingtomakeacakewhenthephonerang.•not:Iwasstartingmakingacake... 4.2SmallDifferenceinMeaning likelove Like+toinfinitivehasaslightlydifferentmeaningfromlike+-ing: •IliketocatchtheearlybusonMondays.=thisisagoodplanorit’sahabit,butnotnecessarilysomethingIenjoy. •Ilikedancing.=Ienjoyit. 1Inthecaseofadmitthetoissometimesdropped.Moreover,onecanalsosayHeadmittedthathelied.,seeSection7. cStefanM.Moser 7May2012,Version1.6 Infinitiveoring-Form?

7 Thesameremarkholdsalsotrueforlove. Remark10.Like,prefer,hateandlovecanbefollowedbythetoinfinitiveor-ing,butwouldlike,wouldprefer,wouldhateandwouldlovearealwaysfollowedbythetoinfinitive. •Shewouldliketogoout,butwewouldprefertostayin. 4.3FundamentalDifferenceinMeaning ∗remember∗et∗regrettrymeangooncan’thelp Verb+toinfinitive Remembertocheckwhetherthecakeisready.=anactionwhichwillbenecessary Don’tettoaddthebakingpowder.=anactionwhichwillbenecessary Iregrettoinformyouthatyourapplicationwasessful.=Iamsorrytotellyou... Trytoicethecakequickly.=attempttodoitifyoucan Shepedtohavearest.=inordertohavearest Theydon’tmeantoupsetyou.=theydon’tintendto Hewentontotellthemhowtomakeadifferentcake.=thenextthinghedidwastotellthem... Ican’thelpyou(to)fixthecar.=Idon’tknowhowtofixthecarorIdon’thavethetimetofixit(seeRemark4) Verb+-ing IremembercheckingthatIhadmykeyswhenIleftthehouse.=amemoryofapastactionI’llneveretgoingtoschoolonmyownforthefirsttime.=amemoryofapastactionWeregretsendingourdaughtertothatschool.=wewishwehadn’t Tryaddingnutsasitwillimprovetheflavour.=asanexperimentbeatingwhenthemixtureispaleandfluffy.=finishdoingitIfyougobytrainthatmeanstakingataxitothestation.=itinvolvesHewentoncyclinguntilhereachedthefarm.=hecontinued Ican’thelplookingatyou.=Icannotavoid/preventit cStefanM.Moser 7May2012,Version1.6 Infinitiveoring-Form?

8 5Verb+Object+toInfinitiveorNoObject+-ing Thefollowingverbsarefollowedbythetoinfinitivewhentheyhaveanobjectandby-ingwhentheyhavenoobject: ∗adviseallowforbidpermit∗mend Examples:•Iadviseaddingnuts.⇐⇒Iadviseyoutoaddnuts.•Theyallowusingforce.⇐⇒Theyallowustouseforce.•Imendusingapricots.⇐⇒Imendyoutouseapricots. Remark11.Notethattheuseofmendwithobjectandtoinfinitivesoundsabitawkwardtosomepeople.Itismontousethisstructureinpassivevoice: •Youaremendedtouseapricots.ortouseathatclause(wherethethatoftenisomitted,seeSection7): •Imend(that)youuseapricots. 6Verb+Object+-ingorObject+Infinitive(withaDifferenceinMeaning) Thefollowingverbsalwayshaveanobject(mainlytodowithsenses): feelhearseewatch Noticethedifferenceinmeaningbetweenverb+-ingandverb+infinitive:•Shefeltherpassiondwindlingaway.=acontinuingprocessoveraperiod oftimeShefeltsomeonetouchhershoulder.=pletedaction•Sheheardhermothersingingasshecamedownstairs.=continuingactionSheheardthedoorbellring.=apletedaction cStefanM.Moser 7May2012,Version1.6 Infinitiveoring-Form?

9 •Iwatchedtheboysplayingfootball.=anactivitycontinuingoveraperiodoftimeIwatchedtheboykickthefootballintotheroad.=pletedaction •Theyseetheirrightsbeingtakenaway.=acontinuingprocessoveraperiodoftimeTheysawthecatkillthemouse.=pletedaction However,notethatseealsohasathirdpossibleusagewithto+infinitive: •IwenttoseeColintohandoverthekeys.=purposeofseeingsomeone/something 7Verb+thatClause Weremindthereaderthatallverbsmarked∗inthissummarycanalsobefollowedbyathatclausewiththesamemeaning.Oftenthethatcanalsobeomitted. •Isuggestaddingsomelemonjuice.=Isuggest(that)youaddsomelemonjuice. •Imendusingsultanasandapricots.=Imend(that)youusesultanasandapricots. •Theyagreedtoleaveearly.=Theyagreed(that)theywouldleaveearly. 8Adjectives Thefollowingadjectivesareusuallyfollowedbythetoinfinitive: afraidexpensivepossible cheaphappysafe †dangerousimpossiblesorry delightedinterestingsurprised †difficult†nice †easypleased Examples:•I’msurprisedtoseeyouhere.•Sheistoocheaptosendmeapostcard.=sheisstingy,notgenerous cStefanM.Moser 7May2012,Version1.6 Infinitiveoring-Form?
10 Theadjectivesmarked†cansometimesalsobefollowedby-ingwiththesamemeaning.Examples: •It’snicemeetingfriendsafterschool.⇐⇒It’snicetomeetfriendsafterschool. Remark12.Noticethedifferentwaysofusingafraid:•I’vealwaysbeenafraidofflying.•Don’tbeafraidtosaywhatyouthink.•Shewasafraid(that)hemightbeupsetifshetoldhim.•Shewasafraidforherchildren. 9Disclaimer Thisdocumentisbasedonseveralgrammarbooksandmyownresearchindictionaries,etc.Ifyoufindmistakesorotherinterestingverbsorfactsthatcouldbeadded,Iwouldbedelightedtoreceiveyourfeedback!
Writeto Thanks!
StefanM.Moser cStefanM.Moser 7May2012,Version1.6 Infinitiveoring-Form?
Index admit,5,6advise,8afford,2afraid,9,10agree,2aim,2allow,8appear,2appreciate,5arrange,2ask,4,4assume,4attempt,2avoid,5 bear,6beg,4begin,6better,4 can,4can’tafford,2can’tbear,6can’tface,5can’thelp,7can’tstand,5can’twait,2carryon,5cease,6cheap,9choose,2confess,5consider,5continue,6could,4 dangerous,9dare,3,3,4decide,2delay,5delighted,9demand,2deny,5deserve,2detest,5 cStefanM.Moser 11 difficult,9dislike,5 easy,9encourage,3enjoy,5expect,4expensive,9 face,5fail,2fancy,5feel,8feellike,5finish,5forbid,8force,3et,7 giveup,5goon,7 hadbetter,4happy,9hate,6,7have,4hear,8help,4,4,7hope,2 imagine,5impossible,9intend,4interesting,9invite,3involve,5 keep,5keepon,5 learn,2let,4like,6,7love,6,7 make,4,
5 7May2012,Version1.6 Infinitiveoring-Form?
manage,2may,4mean,7mention,5might,4mind,5miss,5must,4 needn’t,4neglect,2nice,9 offer,2omit,2order,3ought,2,2,5 permit,8persuade,3plan,2pleased,9possible,9postpone,5practise,5prefer,6,7prepare,2pretend,2promise,2,2propose,6putoff,5 quit,5 rather,4mend,8refuse,2regret,7remember,7remind,3request,4,4resist,5resort,5,6risk,5 safe,9see,8seem,2shall,4 cStefanM.Moser 12 should,4sorry,9stand,5start,6,7suggest,5surprised,9teach,3tell,3tend,2threaten,2try,7wait,2want,4warn,3watch,8will,4wish,2would,4wouldhate,4,7wouldlike,4,7wouldlove,4,7wouldprefer,4,7wouldrather,4 7May2012,Version1.6