CriticalThinking,LIMITED

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DOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuideto CriticalThinking ConceptsandTools ByDr.RichardPauland Dr.LindaElder TheFoundationforCriticalThinking 707-878-9100 cct@ LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY WhyACriticalThinkingMini-Guide?
Thisminiatureguidefocusesonoftheessenceofcriticalthinkingconceptsandtoolsdistilledintopocketsize.Forfacultyitprovidesasharedconceptofcriticalthinking.Forstudentsitisacriticalthinkingsupplementtoanytextbookforanycourse.Facultycanuseittodesigninstruction,assignments,andtestsinanysubject.Studentscanuseittoimprovetheirlearninginanycontentarea.Itsgenericskillsapplytoallsubjects.Forexample,criticalthinkersareclearastothepurposeathandandthequestionatissue.Theyquestioninformation,conclusions,andpointsofview.Theystrivetobeclear,urate,precise,andrelevant.Theyseektothinkbeneaththesurface,tobelogical,andfair.Theyapplytheseskillstotheirreadingandwritingaswellastotheirspeakingandlistening.Theyapplytheminhistory,science,math,philosophy,andthearts;inprofessionalandpersonallife. Whenthisguideisusedasasupplementtothetextbookinmultiplecourses,studentsbegintoperceivetheusefulnessofcriticalthinkingineverydomainoflearning.Andiftheirinstructorsprovideexamplesoftheapplicationofthesubjecttodailylife,studentsbegintoseethateducationisatoolforimprovingthequalityoftheirlives. Ifyouareastudentusingthismini-guide,getinthehabitofcarryingitwithyoutoeveryclass.Consultitfrequentlyinanalyzingandsynthesizingwhatyouarelearning.Aimfordeepinternalizationoftheprinciplesyoufindinit—untilusingthemessecondnature. Ifessful,thisguidewillservefaculty,students,andtheeducationalprogramsimultaneously. RichardPaulCenterforCriticalThinking LindaElderFoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools  Contents WhyCriticalThinking?
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4 TheElementsofThought����������������������������������������������������������������������������
5 AChecklistforReasoning����������������������������������������������������������������������������
6 QuestionsUsingtheElementsofThought�������������������������������������������
8 TheProblemofEgocentricThinking�������������������������������������������������������
9 UniversalIntellectualStandards��������������������������������������������������������������10 TemplateforAnalyzingtheLogicofArticlesandTextbooks��������13 CriteriaforEvaluatingReasoning������������������������������������������������������������14 EssentialIntellectualTraits������������������������������������������������������������������������15 ThreeKindsofQuestions��������������������������������������������������������������������������18 ATemplateforProblem-Solving��������������������������������������������������������������19 AnalyzingandAssessingResearch��������������������������������������������������������20 WhatCriticalThinkersRoutinelyDo������������������������������������������������������21 StagesofCriticalThinkingDevelopment��������������������������������������������22 FourthEdition    ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY  TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools WhyCriticalThinking?
TheProblem:Everyonethinks;itisournaturetodoso.Butmuchofourthinking,lefttoitself,isbiased,distorted,partial,uninformedordown-rightprejudiced.Yetthequalityofourlifeandthatofwhatweproduce,make,orbuilddependspreciselyonthequalityofourthought.Shoddythinkingiscostly,bothinmoneyandinqualityoflife.Excellenceinthought,however,mustbesystematicallycultivated. ADefinition:Criticalthinkingistheartofanalyzingandevaluatingthinkingwithaviewto­improvingit. TheResult:Awellcultivatedcriticalthinker: •raisesvitalquestionsandproblems,formulatingthemclearlyandprecisely; •gathersandassessesrelevantinformation,usingabstractideastointerpretiteffectively; •estowell-reasonedconclusionsandsolutions,testingthemagainstrelevantcriteriaandstandards; •thinksopenmindedlywithinalternativesystemsofthought,recognizingandassessing,asneedbe,theirassumptions,implications,andpracticalconsequences;and •municateseffectivelywithothersinfiguringoutsolutionsplexproblems. Criticalthinkingis,inshort,self-directed,self-disciplined,self-monitored,andself-­correctivethinking.Itrequiresrigorousstandardsofexcellenceandmandoftheiruse.Itentailsmunicationandproblemsolvingabilitiesandmitmenttoeournativeegocentrismandsociocentrism. ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools  TheElementsofThought PointofView frameofreference,perspective,orientation Purpose goal,objective ImplicationsandConsequences Questionatissue problem,issue Assumptions presupposition,takingforgranted Concepts theories,definitions,axioms, laws,principles,models Information data,facts,observations,experiences Interpretationandinference conclusions,solutions UsedWithSensitivitytoUniversalIntellectualStandards ClarityuracyDepthBreadthSignificancePrecisionRelevance ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY 12 TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools Clarity  Couldyouelaboratefurther?
Couldyougivemeanexample?
Couldyouillustratewhatyoumean?
uracy  Howcouldwecheckonthat?
Howcouldwefindoutifthatistrue?
Howcouldweverifyortestthat?
Precision  Couldyoubemorespecific?
Couldyougivememoredetails?
Couldyoubemoreexact?
Relevance  Howdoesthatrelatetotheproblem?
Howdoesthatbearonthequestion?
Howdoesthathelpuswiththeissue?
Depth  Whatfactorsmakethisadifficultproblem?
Whataresomeofplexitiesofthisquestion?
Whataresomeofthedifficultiesweneedtodealwith?
Breadth  Doweneedtolookatthisfromanotherperspective?
Doweneedtoconsideranotherpointofview?
Doweneedtolookatthisinotherways?
Logic  Doesallthismakesensetogether?
Doesyourfirstparagraphfitinwithyourlast?
Doeswhatyousayfollowfromtheevidence?
 Isthisthemostimportantproblemtoconsider?
SignificanceIsthisthecentralideatofocuson?
Whichofthesefactsaremostimportant?
Fairness  DoIhaveanyvestedinterestinthisissue?
AmIsympatheticallyrepresentingtheviewpointsofothers?
©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools 15 IntellectualAutonomy IntellectualIntegrity IntellectualHumility IntellectualEmpathy IntellectualTraitsorVirtues ConfidenceinReason IntellectualCourage Fairmindedness IntellectualPerseverance ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools 21 Criticalthinkersroutinelyapplytheintellectualstandardstotheelementsofreasoninginordertodevelopintellectualtraits. TheStandards Clarity Precision uracy Significance Relevance Completeness LogicalnessFairness Breadth Depth Mustbeappliedto Aswelearntodevelop TheElements Purposes Inferences Questions Concepts PointsofviewImplications InformationAssumptions IntellectualTraits IntellectualHumilityIntellectualPerseveranceIntellectualAutonomyConfidenceinReasonIntellectualIntegrityIntellectualEmpathyIntellectualCourageFairmindedness ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking

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