DOWNLOADCOPY
TheMiniatureGuideto
CriticalThinking
ConceptsandTools
ByDr.RichardPauland
Dr.LindaElder
TheFoundationforCriticalThinking
707-878-9100
cct@
LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY
WhyACriticalThinkingMini-Guide?
Thisminiatureguidefocusesonoftheessenceofcriticalthinkingconceptsandtoolsdistilledintopocketsize.Forfacultyitprovidesasharedconceptofcriticalthinking.Forstudentsitisacriticalthinkingsupplementtoanytextbookforanycourse.Facultycanuseittodesigninstruction,assignments,andtestsinanysubject.Studentscanuseittoimprovetheirlearninginanycontentarea.Itsgenericskillsapplytoallsubjects.Forexample,criticalthinkersareclearastothepurposeathandandthequestionatissue.Theyquestioninformation,conclusions,andpointsofview.Theystrivetobeclear,urate,precise,andrelevant.Theyseektothinkbeneaththesurface,tobelogical,andfair.Theyapplytheseskillstotheirreadingandwritingaswellastotheirspeakingandlistening.Theyapplytheminhistory,science,math,philosophy,andthearts;inprofessionalandpersonallife. Whenthisguideisusedasasupplementtothetextbookinmultiplecourses,studentsbegintoperceivetheusefulnessofcriticalthinkingineverydomainoflearning.Andiftheirinstructorsprovideexamplesoftheapplicationofthesubjecttodailylife,studentsbegintoseethateducationisatoolforimprovingthequalityoftheirlives. Ifyouareastudentusingthismini-guide,getinthehabitofcarryingitwithyoutoeveryclass.Consultitfrequentlyinanalyzingandsynthesizingwhatyouarelearning.Aimfordeepinternalizationoftheprinciplesyoufindinit—untilusingthemessecondnature. Ifessful,thisguidewillservefaculty,students,andtheeducationalprogramsimultaneously. RichardPaulCenterforCriticalThinking LindaElderFoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools Contents WhyCriticalThinking?
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4 TheElementsofThought����������������������������������������������������������������������������
5 AChecklistforReasoning����������������������������������������������������������������������������
6 QuestionsUsingtheElementsofThought�������������������������������������������
8 TheProblemofEgocentricThinking�������������������������������������������������������
9 UniversalIntellectualStandards��������������������������������������������������������������10 TemplateforAnalyzingtheLogicofArticlesandTextbooks��������13 CriteriaforEvaluatingReasoning������������������������������������������������������������14 EssentialIntellectualTraits������������������������������������������������������������������������15 ThreeKindsofQuestions��������������������������������������������������������������������������18 ATemplateforProblem-Solving��������������������������������������������������������������19 AnalyzingandAssessingResearch��������������������������������������������������������20 WhatCriticalThinkersRoutinelyDo������������������������������������������������������21 StagesofCriticalThinkingDevelopment��������������������������������������������22 FourthEdition ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools WhyCriticalThinking?
TheProblem:Everyonethinks;itisournaturetodoso.Butmuchofourthinking,lefttoitself,isbiased,distorted,partial,uninformedordown-rightprejudiced.Yetthequalityofourlifeandthatofwhatweproduce,make,orbuilddependspreciselyonthequalityofourthought.Shoddythinkingiscostly,bothinmoneyandinqualityoflife.Excellenceinthought,however,mustbesystematicallycultivated. ADefinition:Criticalthinkingistheartofanalyzingandevaluatingthinkingwithaviewtoimprovingit. TheResult:Awellcultivatedcriticalthinker: •raisesvitalquestionsandproblems,formulatingthemclearlyandprecisely; •gathersandassessesrelevantinformation,usingabstractideastointerpretiteffectively; •estowell-reasonedconclusionsandsolutions,testingthemagainstrelevantcriteriaandstandards; •thinksopenmindedlywithinalternativesystemsofthought,recognizingandassessing,asneedbe,theirassumptions,implications,andpracticalconsequences;and •municateseffectivelywithothersinfiguringoutsolutionsplexproblems. Criticalthinkingis,inshort,self-directed,self-disciplined,self-monitored,andself-correctivethinking.Itrequiresrigorousstandardsofexcellenceandmandoftheiruse.Itentailsmunicationandproblemsolvingabilitiesandmitmenttoeournativeegocentrismandsociocentrism. ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools TheElementsofThought PointofView frameofreference,perspective,orientation Purpose goal,objective ImplicationsandConsequences Questionatissue problem,issue Assumptions presupposition,takingforgranted Concepts theories,definitions,axioms, laws,principles,models Information data,facts,observations,experiences Interpretationandinference conclusions,solutions UsedWithSensitivitytoUniversalIntellectualStandards ClarityuracyDepthBreadthSignificancePrecisionRelevance ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY 12 TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools Clarity Couldyouelaboratefurther?
Couldyougivemeanexample?
Couldyouillustratewhatyoumean?
uracy Howcouldwecheckonthat?
Howcouldwefindoutifthatistrue?
Howcouldweverifyortestthat?
Precision Couldyoubemorespecific?
Couldyougivememoredetails?
Couldyoubemoreexact?
Relevance Howdoesthatrelatetotheproblem?
Howdoesthatbearonthequestion?
Howdoesthathelpuswiththeissue?
Depth Whatfactorsmakethisadifficultproblem?
Whataresomeofplexitiesofthisquestion?
Whataresomeofthedifficultiesweneedtodealwith?
Breadth Doweneedtolookatthisfromanotherperspective?
Doweneedtoconsideranotherpointofview?
Doweneedtolookatthisinotherways?
Logic Doesallthismakesensetogether?
Doesyourfirstparagraphfitinwithyourlast?
Doeswhatyousayfollowfromtheevidence?
Isthisthemostimportantproblemtoconsider?
SignificanceIsthisthecentralideatofocuson?
Whichofthesefactsaremostimportant?
Fairness DoIhaveanyvestedinterestinthisissue?
AmIsympatheticallyrepresentingtheviewpointsofothers?
©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools 15 IntellectualAutonomy IntellectualIntegrity IntellectualHumility IntellectualEmpathy IntellectualTraitsorVirtues ConfidenceinReason IntellectualCourage Fairmindedness IntellectualPerseverance ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools 21 Criticalthinkersroutinelyapplytheintellectualstandardstotheelementsofreasoninginordertodevelopintellectualtraits. TheStandards Clarity Precision uracy Significance Relevance Completeness LogicalnessFairness Breadth Depth Mustbeappliedto Aswelearntodevelop TheElements Purposes Inferences Questions Concepts PointsofviewImplications InformationAssumptions IntellectualTraits IntellectualHumilityIntellectualPerseveranceIntellectualAutonomyConfidenceinReasonIntellectualIntegrityIntellectualEmpathyIntellectualCourageFairmindedness ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking
Thisminiatureguidefocusesonoftheessenceofcriticalthinkingconceptsandtoolsdistilledintopocketsize.Forfacultyitprovidesasharedconceptofcriticalthinking.Forstudentsitisacriticalthinkingsupplementtoanytextbookforanycourse.Facultycanuseittodesigninstruction,assignments,andtestsinanysubject.Studentscanuseittoimprovetheirlearninginanycontentarea.Itsgenericskillsapplytoallsubjects.Forexample,criticalthinkersareclearastothepurposeathandandthequestionatissue.Theyquestioninformation,conclusions,andpointsofview.Theystrivetobeclear,urate,precise,andrelevant.Theyseektothinkbeneaththesurface,tobelogical,andfair.Theyapplytheseskillstotheirreadingandwritingaswellastotheirspeakingandlistening.Theyapplytheminhistory,science,math,philosophy,andthearts;inprofessionalandpersonallife. Whenthisguideisusedasasupplementtothetextbookinmultiplecourses,studentsbegintoperceivetheusefulnessofcriticalthinkingineverydomainoflearning.Andiftheirinstructorsprovideexamplesoftheapplicationofthesubjecttodailylife,studentsbegintoseethateducationisatoolforimprovingthequalityoftheirlives. Ifyouareastudentusingthismini-guide,getinthehabitofcarryingitwithyoutoeveryclass.Consultitfrequentlyinanalyzingandsynthesizingwhatyouarelearning.Aimfordeepinternalizationoftheprinciplesyoufindinit—untilusingthemessecondnature. Ifessful,thisguidewillservefaculty,students,andtheeducationalprogramsimultaneously. RichardPaulCenterforCriticalThinking LindaElderFoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools Contents WhyCriticalThinking?
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������
4 TheElementsofThought����������������������������������������������������������������������������
5 AChecklistforReasoning����������������������������������������������������������������������������
6 QuestionsUsingtheElementsofThought�������������������������������������������
8 TheProblemofEgocentricThinking�������������������������������������������������������
9 UniversalIntellectualStandards��������������������������������������������������������������10 TemplateforAnalyzingtheLogicofArticlesandTextbooks��������13 CriteriaforEvaluatingReasoning������������������������������������������������������������14 EssentialIntellectualTraits������������������������������������������������������������������������15 ThreeKindsofQuestions��������������������������������������������������������������������������18 ATemplateforProblem-Solving��������������������������������������������������������������19 AnalyzingandAssessingResearch��������������������������������������������������������20 WhatCriticalThinkersRoutinelyDo������������������������������������������������������21 StagesofCriticalThinkingDevelopment��������������������������������������������22 FourthEdition ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools WhyCriticalThinking?
TheProblem:Everyonethinks;itisournaturetodoso.Butmuchofourthinking,lefttoitself,isbiased,distorted,partial,uninformedordown-rightprejudiced.Yetthequalityofourlifeandthatofwhatweproduce,make,orbuilddependspreciselyonthequalityofourthought.Shoddythinkingiscostly,bothinmoneyandinqualityoflife.Excellenceinthought,however,mustbesystematicallycultivated. ADefinition:Criticalthinkingistheartofanalyzingandevaluatingthinkingwithaviewtoimprovingit. TheResult:Awellcultivatedcriticalthinker: •raisesvitalquestionsandproblems,formulatingthemclearlyandprecisely; •gathersandassessesrelevantinformation,usingabstractideastointerpretiteffectively; •estowell-reasonedconclusionsandsolutions,testingthemagainstrelevantcriteriaandstandards; •thinksopenmindedlywithinalternativesystemsofthought,recognizingandassessing,asneedbe,theirassumptions,implications,andpracticalconsequences;and •municateseffectivelywithothersinfiguringoutsolutionsplexproblems. Criticalthinkingis,inshort,self-directed,self-disciplined,self-monitored,andself-correctivethinking.Itrequiresrigorousstandardsofexcellenceandmandoftheiruse.Itentailsmunicationandproblemsolvingabilitiesandmitmenttoeournativeegocentrismandsociocentrism. ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools TheElementsofThought PointofView frameofreference,perspective,orientation Purpose goal,objective ImplicationsandConsequences Questionatissue problem,issue Assumptions presupposition,takingforgranted Concepts theories,definitions,axioms, laws,principles,models Information data,facts,observations,experiences Interpretationandinference conclusions,solutions UsedWithSensitivitytoUniversalIntellectualStandards ClarityuracyDepthBreadthSignificancePrecisionRelevance ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY 12 TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools Clarity Couldyouelaboratefurther?
Couldyougivemeanexample?
Couldyouillustratewhatyoumean?
uracy Howcouldwecheckonthat?
Howcouldwefindoutifthatistrue?
Howcouldweverifyortestthat?
Precision Couldyoubemorespecific?
Couldyougivememoredetails?
Couldyoubemoreexact?
Relevance Howdoesthatrelatetotheproblem?
Howdoesthatbearonthequestion?
Howdoesthathelpuswiththeissue?
Depth Whatfactorsmakethisadifficultproblem?
Whataresomeofplexitiesofthisquestion?
Whataresomeofthedifficultiesweneedtodealwith?
Breadth Doweneedtolookatthisfromanotherperspective?
Doweneedtoconsideranotherpointofview?
Doweneedtolookatthisinotherways?
Logic Doesallthismakesensetogether?
Doesyourfirstparagraphfitinwithyourlast?
Doeswhatyousayfollowfromtheevidence?
Isthisthemostimportantproblemtoconsider?
SignificanceIsthisthecentralideatofocuson?
Whichofthesefactsaremostimportant?
Fairness DoIhaveanyvestedinterestinthisissue?
AmIsympatheticallyrepresentingtheviewpointsofothers?
©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools 15 IntellectualAutonomy IntellectualIntegrity IntellectualHumility IntellectualEmpathy IntellectualTraitsorVirtues ConfidenceinReason IntellectualCourage Fairmindedness IntellectualPerseverance ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking LIMITEDDOWNLOADCOPY TheMiniatureGuidetoCriticalThinkingConceptsandTools 21 Criticalthinkersroutinelyapplytheintellectualstandardstotheelementsofreasoninginordertodevelopintellectualtraits. TheStandards Clarity Precision uracy Significance Relevance Completeness LogicalnessFairness Breadth Depth Mustbeappliedto Aswelearntodevelop TheElements Purposes Inferences Questions Concepts PointsofviewImplications InformationAssumptions IntellectualTraits IntellectualHumilityIntellectualPerseveranceIntellectualAutonomyConfidenceinReasonIntellectualIntegrityIntellectualEmpathyIntellectualCourageFairmindedness ©2006FoundationforCriticalThinking
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