Translation
Spring2017Chinese-EnglishTranslationCourseDescription
Instructor(professor)：LiYan
IntroductoryRemarksabouttheCourse
Ⅰ.Themainobjectivesofthecourse
Thiscourseistoteachstudentsbasictheories,specificprinciplesandconcretetechniquesandskills,andtotrainstudentsmainlytotheabilityofputtingChineseintoEnglishthroughpractice.Emphasiswillbeonpractice.Sostudentsshouldlearnbasictheories,specificprinciplesandconcretetechniquesandskills.
Ⅱ.Requiredtextbooksandreferencebooks
1.ChengHongwei,LiYadanANewCoursebookonChinese-EnglishTranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2011.
2.Zhuhui,ACoursebookinChinese-EnglishTranslation.Chongqin:ChongqinUniversityPress,2004.
3.ChengZhaoweietal.AConciseCoursebookOnTranslation.NationalDefenseIndustryPress,2006.
4.LuRuichang,etal.TextbookforTranslatingChineseintoEnglish.Xi’an:Shaan’xiPeople’spress,2001. Ⅲ.CourseRequirements Studentsareexpectedtoattendallclasssessions.Ifyouareabsent,anote(awrittenexplanation)mustbepresentedtoexplainthereasonfortheabsence.Whenyoumissclasses,rememberitisyourresponsibilitytofindoutwhatyoumissed. Ifyouareabsentthreetimes,etoseemeimmediately. Assignmentsaredueonthedayannouncedinclass.AllassignmentsmustbesubmittedONTIME.Lateassignmentswillnotbeepted.Soprepareyourassignmentsinadvance. Allclassassignmentswillbewrittenonthepaperarrangedbyourdepartment. Ⅳ.Grading Youwillbeevaluatedonyourattendance,participationinclass,classassignments,andtranslationability. Attendance,participation,classassignments,translation …30% Midtermexam20% FinalExam…50% Thepassinggradeforthiscourseis70.Thatmeansthosewhoscorebelow70fail.Gradesarenotnegotiableunderanycircumstances!
GoodEnglishabilityisanadvantageinthiscourse,butfulfillingtherequirementsistheonlywaytoachieveahighfinalgrade. Ifyouhaveproblemswithanyaspectofthiscourse,pleasedonothesitatetoseemeassoonaspossible. Ⅴ.TentativesyllabusChapter1AnIntroductiontoChinese-EnglishTranslationChapter2Culture,LanguageandTranslationChapter3AContrastiveStudybetweenEnglishandChineseChapter4LexicalTranslationChapter5Chinglish(orFalseFriend)inChinese-English TranslationChapter6WaystoTranslateIdiomsChapter7SentenceTranslationChapter8ParagraphTranslationChapter9Non-LiteraryTranslationChapter10LiteraryTranslation Chapter1AnIntroductiontoChinese-EnglishTranslation Ⅰ.Threepeaksoftranslationinhistory
1.TheTranslationofBuddhistClassics:theFirstPeak
2.Thetranslationofbooksonscienceandtechnology:the secondpeak（科技翻译：中国的士大夫和传教士联手将欧洲的宗教、哲 学、科技和文学等“西学”介绍到中国来。
）
3.TheTranslationofWesternClassics:theThirdPeak（鸦片战争后至“五四”前的西方政治思想和文学翻译）
1.TheTranslationofBuddhistClassics:theFirstPeak Buddhism religion philosophy sociallife. Severalimportantfiguresareworthmentioninghere: 1.1ZhiQian(支谦)（佛经翻译的第一阶段、草创时期）1.2DaoAn(道安)(佛经翻译的第二阶段、发展时期)1.3Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什) Kumarajiva(350-409)1.4XuanZang(玄奘)（佛经翻译的第三阶段、全盛时期） 1.1.1ZhiQian(支谦)（佛经翻译的第一阶段、草创时期） 1)ThreeKingdomsperiodsthefirstessayontranslationnorms： “PrefacetoFaJuJing” (《法句经》序)2)Inoverthirtyyears,(222-254)：aboutthirtyvolumesof Buddhistscripturesinaliteralmanner. 3)Intheessay，“PrefacetoFaJuJing” norms： thetranslatorofBuddhistclassicsshould―followtheoriginalintentionoftheauthorwithoutanyembroidery ‖（因循本旨，不加文饰） 4)adiscussiononliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,acoreissueinthedevelopmentoftranslationtheory. 1.1.2DaoAn(道安)佛经翻译的第二阶段、发展时期 1)Inthefifthcentury(theEasterJinDynasty),theearlieststatetranslationschool： yichang(译场) AndthetranslationofBuddhistClassicswascarriedoutonalargescale 2)DaoAn(314-385) itsdirector, advocatedstrictliteraltranslationandmadetranslationaprofession. 3)Atranslatorshould―translateordingtotheoriginalwithoutanyadditionanddeduction‖ (案本而传，不令有损言游字). 4)Around374,DaopiledAComprehensiveCatalogueoftheSutras(《综理众经目录》)，abibliographyofalltranslationsdonebefore,thefirstofitskindinthehistoryofChineseBuddhism. 1.1.3Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什)Kumarajiva(350-409)Indiabybirth,thefamousmonkKumarajiva(350-409)was invitedtoChang’anin401,acenterbustlingwithBuddhistactivitiesHistaskwastoretranslatethemostinfluentialscripturesand producedefinitive权威性的editionswithauthoritativeinterpretations.Itishewhofirstlysuggestedthattranslatorsshouldsigntheirnamesintranslatedworks.Kumarajiva’stranslations,generallyspeaking,weremorefaithfultotheoriginalduetohisyearsofassiduouseffortandstudy. 1.1.4XuanZang(玄奘)（佛经翻译的第三阶段、全盛时期）《西游记》 JourneytotheWest《红楼梦》 ADreamoftheRedMansions《三国演义》 ThreeKingdoms《水浒》 OutlawsoftheMarshOutlaw：犯法后躲藏起来的人，Marsh：沼泽、湿地） InTangDynasty,XuanZang(600-664),themosteminentfigureofthefirstpeakintranslationhistory,arrivedinIndiaaftercountlesstrialsandbroughtbacktothecapitalChang’an657collectionsofsutrasintheoriginal.Inthe19yearsprecedinghisdeath,hetranslated75collections(1,335volumes)ofthem,whichismorethanhalfthetotaltranslationsofBuddihistscripturesdoneinthedynasty.XuanZangtriedmanytranslationmethodsanddevelopedhisepoch-makingcriteriathattranslation―mustbefaithfulandintelligibletothepopulace‖ (既须求真，又须喻俗).
2.Thetranslationofbooksonscienceandtechnology:Thesecondpeak （科技翻译：中国的士大夫和传教士联手将欧洲的宗教、哲学、科技和文学等“西学”介绍到中国来。
） Thesecondpeak,lastingforaspanof200years,beganinthelateMingandearlyQingDynastiesaroundthe17thcentury. WiththearrivalofJesuitmissionariesfromItaly,Spain,Portugal,France,Switzerland,Germany,BelgiumandPoland, ChinacameintocontactwiththeWesternworldgradually.ManymissionarieshadtheirworksortranslationspublishedinChina,andmanyconcernedscienceandtechnologyrangingfrom astronomy 天文学, mathematics, physics andmetallurgy 冶金學 to anatomy 剖析,解剖學,骨骸, biology 生物学 and cartography 地图制作,制图法,制图.
2.1XuGuangqi(徐光启) XuGuangqi(1562-1633),adistinguishedscientistandaseniorofficialofthelateMingDynasty,playedaremarkableroleinintroducingWesternscienceintoChina.1)DuringhischargeoftheHanlinAcademy (翰林院) inBeijing,academicinstitutioninChina,XucooperatedwiththeItalianJesuit耶稣会信徒 Matteoi(利玛窦)intranslatingthe 13volumesofEuclid’sElementsofGeometry (《几何原本》)， Euclid:欧几里得(古希腊数学家) Geometry:几何；几何学 thoughonly6volumeswereactuallytranslated.Manyofthetermsinthetranslationarestillinusetoday, suchaspoint,line,straightline,curve,parallellines,angle,rightangle,acuteangle锐角,obtuseangle钝角,triangle,quadrilateral四边形,etc. 2.2LiZhizao(李之藻) LivinginthesameperiodasXuGuangqi,LiZhizao(1569-1630)wasalsoaneminentscientistaswellasfamoustranslator.UndertheguidanceofMatteoi,LiacquiredplentyofWesternknowledgeandlaterbecameaCatholic天主教徒. In1613LiZhizaoandMatteoitranslated TongWenSuanZhi(《同文算指》)， whichillustratedhowtoperformwrittenarithmeticoperations 书面算术运算, forexample,addition,subtraction,multiplication,division,etc.
3.TheTranslationofWesternClassics:thethirdpeak（鸦片战争后至“五四”前的西方政治思想和文学翻译）TheOpiumWar(1840-1842) andthesigningofthefirstunequalTreatyofNanjing UsheredinthethirdpeakoftranslationactivityinChina‟shistory,lastingfromthemid19thcenturytotheeveofthemay4thMovement, withemphasisonWesternworksofsocialsciences,militarysciencesandliterature.Somerepresentativefiguresinclude: 3.1LinZexu(林则徐)3.2LinShu（林纾）3.3YanFu（严复） 3.1LinZexu(林则徐) RespectfullyregardedasanationalheroagainstBritishopiumtradeand ―thefirstChinesewhoopenedhiseyestolookattheoutsideworld‖,LinZexu(1785-1850),agovernmentofficial,wasalsoananizeroftranslationactivityduringthisperiod.HeestablishedatranslationcentreinGuangzhoutorendersomeforeignworksonhistoryandgeographyintoChineseaswellasgatherinformationfromtheWesternpress. 3.3LinShu（林纾） LinShu(1852-1924),atraditionalChinesescholar,hasbeenregardedasthepioneerofliterarytranslationinChinaduetohislargequantityoftranslationsofWesternnovels. Interestingly,LinShuneverdidhisjobindependently,instead,hetranslatedwiththeassistanceofinterpretersbecausehehimselfdidnotknowanyforeignlanguages.HepennedelegantclassicalChineseversionsofawiderangeofforeignworkssuchas UncleTom’sCabin(《黑奴吁录》《汤姆叔叔的小屋》)；DavidCopperfield(《块肉余生述》《大卫.科波菲尔》);OliverTwist（《贼史》《雾都孤儿》) 3.4YanFu（严复） LivinginthelateQingsociety,constantlythreatenedbycolonialexpansionandprofoundlyshockedbythehumiliatingTreatyofShimonoseki(《马关条约》)ofApril1895withJapan,YanFu(1853-1921),becameanactivereformistanddevotedtohistranslationWesternstudiesinthebroadspaceoftheChineselanguage. 1)The1898translationofThomasHenryHuxley’s EvolutionandEthics(《天演论》) establishhisreputationthroughoutthecountry,inwhichherendered ―naturalselectionandsurvivalofthefittest‖into物竟天择，适者生存，awidelyquotedingdowntothisday.2)IntheprefacetothetranslatedEvolutionandEthics, YanFusetdownthetripletranslationcriteria,namely,―faithfulness(信), expressiveness (达) andelegance (雅)‖，withwhichheopenedanewchapterinthetranslationhistoryofChina. YanFu：EvolutionandEthicsandotheressaysbyT.H.Huxley(《天演论》)AnInquiryIntotheNatureandCauseoftheWealthof NationsbyA.Smith(《原富》). Ⅱ.TranslationinContemporaryChina TranslationactivityhastakenonanewlookeversincetheMay4thMovement,thestartingpointofthenewdemocraticrevolutioninChina.Forthesakeofaconcisediscussion,wemaydividethecontemporaryeraintotwoperiods. 2.1TranslationinChinabetween1919-19492.2TranslationinPresent-dayChina（1949-至今） 2.1TranslationinChinabetween1919-1949 1)LiteraryTranslationwasequallynoteworthyduringthisperiod,whichmadeasignificantcontributiontotheintroductionofforeignliteratureandthedevelopmentofChineseliterature.ClassicalChineseintranslationwasgraduallyreplacedbyamoresimplifiedandeasilyunderstoodvernacular本地话,方言Chinesebaihua,(白话)，Hencealinguisticprogress. 2)Intermsofthequalityandquantityofliterarytranslation,bothimprovedgreatlyduetotheunremittingeffortsofmanyeminenttranslatorsincluding LuXun,QuQiubai,MaodunandLinYutang,whonotonlydevotedtotranslationpracticebutalso advancedtheirowntheoryaboutsuchicsastranslationcriteria,literalorfreetranslation,etc. 2.2TranslationinPresent-dayChina（1949-至今） TranslationinChinahassteppedintoanewerasincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChinain1949.NationalandanizationsfortranslatorswereestablishedandalargequantityofscientificandtechnicalworkswastranslatedintoChinesetomeetthedemandsofnationalsocialandeconomicconstruction.Meanwhile,thequalityandquantityoftranslationsfromChineseintoforeignlanguagesacquiredencouragingachievements. Withtheconclusionoftheso-called―GreatCulturalRevolution‖andChina’sadoptionofthepolicyofreformandopening-up,therewererenewedeffortsinthefieldoftranslationstudiesandpractice.Somanyworkshavebeentranslatedintheaspectsofliterature,culture,scienceandtechnology,andeconomy. Inthelastfewdecades,anumberofscholarsinChinaintroducedvarioustranslationprinciplesinviewofnewdiscoveriesinsuchbranchesassemiotics,sociallinguistics,munication,etc.ordingly,translationtheorieshavewitnesseddramaticchangesinmanyareaslikenotionsofequivalence,faithfulness,contexts,culturalinteractionandconflicts. LookingbackonthehistoryoftranslationinChina,wefindthat,ononehand,thelonghistoryoftranslationisworthtakingpridein;ontheotherhand,itishardtofindasystematictranslationtheorytoguidetranslationpracticealthoughtheredoexistsomeprescriptiveexplanationsonhowtotranslate.paringthesituationwithWesternstudiesinthisfield,wehavetoadmitthatChinastillhasalongwaytogoinitsdevelopmentoftranslationtheoryandpractice.Withitsboomingeconomyandtheexpansionofitspoliticalinfluenceinthemunity,Chinanowisfacinganewchallengeintranslationstudies. II.Thenatureandclassificationoftranslation(seestudents’book) III.Theunitsoftranslation(seestudents’book) IV.Thestandardoftranslation(seestudents’book)
1.OneissetupbyYanFu(严复)onthebasisof―faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance‖(faithfulness:tobefaithfultothecontentoftheoriginal;expressiveness:tobeasexpressiveastheoriginal;elegance:tobeelegantifatranslatoruseswordsorsentence patternsbeforeHanDynasty.) (信、达、雅).(信：意义不倍(背)本文，忠实于原文；达： 尽译文语言所能事以求原义明显，不拘泥于原文形式，信、达二者统一； 雅： 脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。
他认为只有译文本身采用“汉以前字法句法”——实际上即所谓上等的文言文，才算登大雅之堂。
) (加上课本p.8中间的内容评论)
2.TheotherisputforwardbyLuXun(鲁迅)onthebasisof―ratherbeingfaithfulinthoughtthansmoothinlanguage‖(宁信而不顺).
3.ThenewChinawitnessestwoimportantscholarsontranslation. OneisFuLeiandtheotherisQianZhongshu.Theformersuggests ―achievethe„spirit‟oftheoriginalorexpressresemblance”（神似）.(译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来，或称能达到 “形似”和“神似”，这是翻译的高标准。
) Mr.QianZhongshuputsforwardtheideasof ―transfigurationorconversion”whichaimedat“perfection‖(化境).（所谓“化境”‘就是原作向译文的“投胎转世”，文字形式虽然换 了，而原文投胎的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本的化到了译文的境界里了，丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹，让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样。
化境是比传神更高的翻译标准。
） Theytwofollowtheprincipleoffaithfulness.
4.IntheEasternJinDynasty,thereappearedanothertranslator,themonkDaoAn (释道安). Hesuggested ―preachingordingtotheoriginalwithoutanydeductionoraddition‖ (案本而传，不令有损言游字:按照原文的本意). Inthehistoryofwesterntranslationtheories,thereappearedalotoftranslationtheorists.Hereweonlymentionsomerepresentativeopinionsontranslationcriteria.AlexanderFrasterTytlerproposedthefamousthreeprinciplesinhisessayontheprinciplesoftranslation,inwhichhethoughtthat―thetranslationshouldgivepletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork;thestyleandthemannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal;thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseofposition‖ (
一、译作应完全复写出原文的思想；
二、译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质；
三、译作应具备原创作品的通顺). Exactlythethreeprinciplesareallbasedonfaithfulness. What’smonpointofthesetranslationcriteria?
Despitethevarietyofopinions,twocriteria(pl.)arealmostunanimouslyepted,namely, thecriterionoffaithfulness/uracy(忠实/准确)and thatofsmoothness(流畅/通顺).Wemayalsotakethesecriteriaasthe principlesoftranslationingeneral.Byfaithfulness/uracy,wemeantobefaithfulnotonlytotheoriginalcontents,totheoriginalmeaningandviews,butalsototheoriginalformandstyle. ExamplesinthetextbookP10-13arearrangedtoillustrateandexplainthat.Bysmoothness,wemeannotonlyeasyandreadablerendering,butalsoidiomatic（地道的）expressioninthetargetlanguage,freefromstiffformulaandmechanicalcopyingfromdictionaries.ExamplesinthetextbookP10-13arearrangedtoillustrateandexplainthat.
V.Thequalificationsofagoodtranslator(seestudents’book) Exercises:
1.TextbookP.19
2.中国翻译史可大致分为那几个阶段？
3.你印象最深的翻译家是谁？他对翻译事业最突出的贡献 是什么？
4.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish:―友好与和平”， 陈宏薇，《新实用汉英翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2001.5 友好与和平中国之所以坚持独立自主的和平外交立场，是因为在历史上她饱受帝国主义侵略战争带来的的苦难，更珍惜今天来之不易的和平生活，更同情与支持各国人民共同努力维护世界和平。
中国是个发展中国家，正致力于通过改革开放，加快社会主义现代化建设，努力提高人民生活水平。
为了实现既定的经济社会规划与目标，中国不仅需要国内的安定，也需要有一个和平的国际环境，特别是和平的周边环境。
可以说这种愿望与世界各国人民的和平愿望是一致的。
人们都知道，当今世界面临和平与发展两大课题，各国人民都需要一个安宁平静的和平环境，以发展经济，改善生活。
只有如此才能和平保障发展，发展促进和平。
友好与和平中国之所以坚持独立自主的和平外交立场，是因为在历史上她百年来饱受帝国主义侵略战争带来的的苦难，更珍惜今天来之不易的和平生活，更同情与支持各国人民共同努力维护世界和平。
PeaceandFriendship Chinainsistsonapeaceful,independentforeignpolicy,becauseshesufferedagreatdealfromimperialistinvasionforalmostacentury,andthusshecherishesherhard–earnedpeacefullifeallthemoreandwouldgivemoresympathyandsupporttotheconcertedeffortsofallthepeopletomaintainworldpeace. 中国是个发展中国家，正致力于通过改革开放，加快社会主义现代化建设，努力提高人民生活水平。
Beingadevelopingcountry,Chinaistryingineverywaypossibletospeedupitssocialistconstructionandraisethepeople’slivingstandardsbymeansofreformandtheopenpolicy. 为了实现既定的经济社会规划与目标，中国不仅需要国内的安定，也需要有一个和平的国际环境，特别是和平的周边环境。
Toachievethegoalsetforhereconomicandsocialdevelopment,Chinaneedsnotonlynationalstabilitybutalsoapeacefulinternationalenvironment,especiallypeacefulsurroundings. 可以说这种愿望与世界各国人民的和平愿望是一致的。
Thisisalsothehopeofallthepeopleintheworld. 人们都知道，当今世界面临和平与发展两大课题，各国人民都需要一个安宁平静的和平环境，以发展经济，改善生活。
Peaceanddevelopmentarethetwomajortasksfacingtheworldtoday. Alltheworldpeopleshopeforapeacefulinternationalsituationsothattheycandeveloptheireconomiesandimprovelivingconditions. 只有如此才能和平保障发展，发展促进和平。
Peaceistheguaranteefordevelopmentanddevelopmentinturnpromotespeace.
5.Assignments： PutthefollowingintoEnglish.
1.弘扬主旋律,提倡多样化。
2.深圳,真的被边缘化了吗？(报纸标题)
3.经济改革取得了巨大成就并且不断深化。
4.我们应当努力提高文化水平。
5.坚持物质文明和精神文明两手抓，实行依法治国和以德治 国相结合。
6.我们坚信中国的外交在社会主义中国走向振兴统一的历史 进程中将写下更加辉煌的篇章。
7.深化教育改革，全面推进素质教育，努力培养学生的创新 精神和实践能力，促进学生德智体美全面发展。
8.大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等，所以人们对于 大自然，全部一致并深深地依赖着。
尤其在乡间，上千年人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
Keytothesentencetranslation
1.Promotemainstreamvaluesandupholddiversity.
2.Shenzhen,theSEZisreallyonthevergeof…?
IsShenzhenSEZingmarginal?
(cf.边缘 学科：marginaldiscipline)
3.Theeconomicreformhasmadegreatachievementsandisdeepening. Greatachievementshavebeenmadeintheeconomicreform,whichisdevelopingindepth.
4.Weshouldtrytoimproveoureducationallevel.
5.Attachequalimportancetobothmaterialandspiritualcivilizationandrunthecountrybiningtheruleoflawwiththeruleofvirtue.
6.WefirmlybelievethatasthesocialistChinamarchestowardrejuvenationandreunification,amoregloriouschapterwillbewritteninthehistoryofChina’sdiplomacy.
7.Itshouldbemadetodeepentheeducationalreformandpromotethequalification-orientededucationinanall-roundway.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtofosteraspiritofinnovation,developpracticalabilitiesandimproveinanallroundwayintermsoftheirmoral,intellectual,physicalandaestheticdevelopment.
8.Humanbeings,poororrich,arefavoredequallybyNature,sotheyunanimouslyrelyonitdeeply.Thisisparticularlytrueinthecountrysidewherepeopleliveinthesamestyleforoverathousandyears.
1．习近平主席发表二〇一六年新年贺词ChinesePresidentXiJinping’sNewYear Speech20162015年12月31日December31,2015同志们，朋友们，女士们，先生们： Comrades,friends,ladiesandgentlemen, 再过几个小时，新年的钟声就要敲响了。
Inafewhours,theNewYearbellwillberinging.我们即将告别2015年，迎来2016年的第一缕阳光。
Wewillsaygoodbyetotheyear2015andethefirstrayofsunshineoftheyear2016. 在这辞旧迎新的时刻，我向全国各族人民，向香港特别行政区同胞和澳门特别行政区同胞，向台湾同胞和海外侨胞，向世界各国和各地区的朋友们，致以新年的祝福！ Atthisturnoftheyear,IwishtoextendmyNewYeargreetingstothepeopleofallethnicgroupsinChina,topatriotsintheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionandtheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion,topatriotsinTaiwanandoverseas,aswellasfriendsinothercountriesandregionsintheworld. 有付出，就会有收获。
Aslongaswepay,therewillbegains.2015年，中国人民付出了很多，也收获了很多。
In2015,Chinesepeoplehavemadegreateffortsin buildingtheirnationandhaveachievedenormously.我国经济增长继续居于世界前列，China’seconomicgrowthcontinuestoleadintheworld.改革全面发力，Reformhasbeenpushedprehensively.司法体制改革继续深化，Reforminthejudicialsystemhasbeenfurtherdeepened.. “三严三实”专题教育推动了政治生态改善，Thespecialeducationalcampaignof“ThreeStrictsand ThreeEarnests”(诚挚)haspromotedtheimprovementofthepoliticaleco-system.反腐败斗争深入进行。
Thefightagainstcorruptionhasbeencarriedoutdeeply.经过全国各族人民共同努力，“十二五”规划圆满收官， Throughthejointeffortsofthepeopleofallethnicgroupsacrossthecountry,weseeaessfulconclusionofthe“12thFive-YearPlan”. 广大人民群众有了更多获得感。
Thegeneralpublichasenjoyedtheincreasing“senseof gain”.
1.ChengHongwei,LiYadanANewCoursebookonChinese-EnglishTranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2011.
2.Zhuhui,ACoursebookinChinese-EnglishTranslation.Chongqin:ChongqinUniversityPress,2004.
3.ChengZhaoweietal.AConciseCoursebookOnTranslation.NationalDefenseIndustryPress,2006.
4.LuRuichang,etal.TextbookforTranslatingChineseintoEnglish.Xi’an:Shaan’xiPeople’spress,2001. Ⅲ.CourseRequirements Studentsareexpectedtoattendallclasssessions.Ifyouareabsent,anote(awrittenexplanation)mustbepresentedtoexplainthereasonfortheabsence.Whenyoumissclasses,rememberitisyourresponsibilitytofindoutwhatyoumissed. Ifyouareabsentthreetimes,etoseemeimmediately. Assignmentsaredueonthedayannouncedinclass.AllassignmentsmustbesubmittedONTIME.Lateassignmentswillnotbeepted.Soprepareyourassignmentsinadvance. Allclassassignmentswillbewrittenonthepaperarrangedbyourdepartment. Ⅳ.Grading Youwillbeevaluatedonyourattendance,participationinclass,classassignments,andtranslationability. Attendance,participation,classassignments,translation …30% Midtermexam20% FinalExam…50% Thepassinggradeforthiscourseis70.Thatmeansthosewhoscorebelow70fail.Gradesarenotnegotiableunderanycircumstances!
GoodEnglishabilityisanadvantageinthiscourse,butfulfillingtherequirementsistheonlywaytoachieveahighfinalgrade. Ifyouhaveproblemswithanyaspectofthiscourse,pleasedonothesitatetoseemeassoonaspossible. Ⅴ.TentativesyllabusChapter1AnIntroductiontoChinese-EnglishTranslationChapter2Culture,LanguageandTranslationChapter3AContrastiveStudybetweenEnglishandChineseChapter4LexicalTranslationChapter5Chinglish(orFalseFriend)inChinese-English TranslationChapter6WaystoTranslateIdiomsChapter7SentenceTranslationChapter8ParagraphTranslationChapter9Non-LiteraryTranslationChapter10LiteraryTranslation Chapter1AnIntroductiontoChinese-EnglishTranslation Ⅰ.Threepeaksoftranslationinhistory
1.TheTranslationofBuddhistClassics:theFirstPeak
2.Thetranslationofbooksonscienceandtechnology:the secondpeak（科技翻译：中国的士大夫和传教士联手将欧洲的宗教、哲 学、科技和文学等“西学”介绍到中国来。
）
3.TheTranslationofWesternClassics:theThirdPeak（鸦片战争后至“五四”前的西方政治思想和文学翻译）
1.TheTranslationofBuddhistClassics:theFirstPeak Buddhism religion philosophy sociallife. Severalimportantfiguresareworthmentioninghere: 1.1ZhiQian(支谦)（佛经翻译的第一阶段、草创时期）1.2DaoAn(道安)(佛经翻译的第二阶段、发展时期)1.3Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什) Kumarajiva(350-409)1.4XuanZang(玄奘)（佛经翻译的第三阶段、全盛时期） 1.1.1ZhiQian(支谦)（佛经翻译的第一阶段、草创时期） 1)ThreeKingdomsperiodsthefirstessayontranslationnorms： “PrefacetoFaJuJing” (《法句经》序)2)Inoverthirtyyears,(222-254)：aboutthirtyvolumesof Buddhistscripturesinaliteralmanner. 3)Intheessay，“PrefacetoFaJuJing” norms： thetranslatorofBuddhistclassicsshould―followtheoriginalintentionoftheauthorwithoutanyembroidery ‖（因循本旨，不加文饰） 4)adiscussiononliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,acoreissueinthedevelopmentoftranslationtheory. 1.1.2DaoAn(道安)佛经翻译的第二阶段、发展时期 1)Inthefifthcentury(theEasterJinDynasty),theearlieststatetranslationschool： yichang(译场) AndthetranslationofBuddhistClassicswascarriedoutonalargescale 2)DaoAn(314-385) itsdirector, advocatedstrictliteraltranslationandmadetranslationaprofession. 3)Atranslatorshould―translateordingtotheoriginalwithoutanyadditionanddeduction‖ (案本而传，不令有损言游字). 4)Around374,DaopiledAComprehensiveCatalogueoftheSutras(《综理众经目录》)，abibliographyofalltranslationsdonebefore,thefirstofitskindinthehistoryofChineseBuddhism. 1.1.3Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什)Kumarajiva(350-409)Indiabybirth,thefamousmonkKumarajiva(350-409)was invitedtoChang’anin401,acenterbustlingwithBuddhistactivitiesHistaskwastoretranslatethemostinfluentialscripturesand producedefinitive权威性的editionswithauthoritativeinterpretations.Itishewhofirstlysuggestedthattranslatorsshouldsigntheirnamesintranslatedworks.Kumarajiva’stranslations,generallyspeaking,weremorefaithfultotheoriginalduetohisyearsofassiduouseffortandstudy. 1.1.4XuanZang(玄奘)（佛经翻译的第三阶段、全盛时期）《西游记》 JourneytotheWest《红楼梦》 ADreamoftheRedMansions《三国演义》 ThreeKingdoms《水浒》 OutlawsoftheMarshOutlaw：犯法后躲藏起来的人，Marsh：沼泽、湿地） InTangDynasty,XuanZang(600-664),themosteminentfigureofthefirstpeakintranslationhistory,arrivedinIndiaaftercountlesstrialsandbroughtbacktothecapitalChang’an657collectionsofsutrasintheoriginal.Inthe19yearsprecedinghisdeath,hetranslated75collections(1,335volumes)ofthem,whichismorethanhalfthetotaltranslationsofBuddihistscripturesdoneinthedynasty.XuanZangtriedmanytranslationmethodsanddevelopedhisepoch-makingcriteriathattranslation―mustbefaithfulandintelligibletothepopulace‖ (既须求真，又须喻俗).
2.Thetranslationofbooksonscienceandtechnology:Thesecondpeak （科技翻译：中国的士大夫和传教士联手将欧洲的宗教、哲学、科技和文学等“西学”介绍到中国来。
） Thesecondpeak,lastingforaspanof200years,beganinthelateMingandearlyQingDynastiesaroundthe17thcentury. WiththearrivalofJesuitmissionariesfromItaly,Spain,Portugal,France,Switzerland,Germany,BelgiumandPoland, ChinacameintocontactwiththeWesternworldgradually.ManymissionarieshadtheirworksortranslationspublishedinChina,andmanyconcernedscienceandtechnologyrangingfrom astronomy 天文学, mathematics, physics andmetallurgy 冶金學 to anatomy 剖析,解剖學,骨骸, biology 生物学 and cartography 地图制作,制图法,制图.
2.1XuGuangqi(徐光启) XuGuangqi(1562-1633),adistinguishedscientistandaseniorofficialofthelateMingDynasty,playedaremarkableroleinintroducingWesternscienceintoChina.1)DuringhischargeoftheHanlinAcademy (翰林院) inBeijing,academicinstitutioninChina,XucooperatedwiththeItalianJesuit耶稣会信徒 Matteoi(利玛窦)intranslatingthe 13volumesofEuclid’sElementsofGeometry (《几何原本》)， Euclid:欧几里得(古希腊数学家) Geometry:几何；几何学 thoughonly6volumeswereactuallytranslated.Manyofthetermsinthetranslationarestillinusetoday, suchaspoint,line,straightline,curve,parallellines,angle,rightangle,acuteangle锐角,obtuseangle钝角,triangle,quadrilateral四边形,etc. 2.2LiZhizao(李之藻) LivinginthesameperiodasXuGuangqi,LiZhizao(1569-1630)wasalsoaneminentscientistaswellasfamoustranslator.UndertheguidanceofMatteoi,LiacquiredplentyofWesternknowledgeandlaterbecameaCatholic天主教徒. In1613LiZhizaoandMatteoitranslated TongWenSuanZhi(《同文算指》)， whichillustratedhowtoperformwrittenarithmeticoperations 书面算术运算, forexample,addition,subtraction,multiplication,division,etc.
3.TheTranslationofWesternClassics:thethirdpeak（鸦片战争后至“五四”前的西方政治思想和文学翻译）TheOpiumWar(1840-1842) andthesigningofthefirstunequalTreatyofNanjing UsheredinthethirdpeakoftranslationactivityinChina‟shistory,lastingfromthemid19thcenturytotheeveofthemay4thMovement, withemphasisonWesternworksofsocialsciences,militarysciencesandliterature.Somerepresentativefiguresinclude: 3.1LinZexu(林则徐)3.2LinShu（林纾）3.3YanFu（严复） 3.1LinZexu(林则徐) RespectfullyregardedasanationalheroagainstBritishopiumtradeand ―thefirstChinesewhoopenedhiseyestolookattheoutsideworld‖,LinZexu(1785-1850),agovernmentofficial,wasalsoananizeroftranslationactivityduringthisperiod.HeestablishedatranslationcentreinGuangzhoutorendersomeforeignworksonhistoryandgeographyintoChineseaswellasgatherinformationfromtheWesternpress. 3.3LinShu（林纾） LinShu(1852-1924),atraditionalChinesescholar,hasbeenregardedasthepioneerofliterarytranslationinChinaduetohislargequantityoftranslationsofWesternnovels. Interestingly,LinShuneverdidhisjobindependently,instead,hetranslatedwiththeassistanceofinterpretersbecausehehimselfdidnotknowanyforeignlanguages.HepennedelegantclassicalChineseversionsofawiderangeofforeignworkssuchas UncleTom’sCabin(《黑奴吁录》《汤姆叔叔的小屋》)；DavidCopperfield(《块肉余生述》《大卫.科波菲尔》);OliverTwist（《贼史》《雾都孤儿》) 3.4YanFu（严复） LivinginthelateQingsociety,constantlythreatenedbycolonialexpansionandprofoundlyshockedbythehumiliatingTreatyofShimonoseki(《马关条约》)ofApril1895withJapan,YanFu(1853-1921),becameanactivereformistanddevotedtohistranslationWesternstudiesinthebroadspaceoftheChineselanguage. 1)The1898translationofThomasHenryHuxley’s EvolutionandEthics(《天演论》) establishhisreputationthroughoutthecountry,inwhichherendered ―naturalselectionandsurvivalofthefittest‖into物竟天择，适者生存，awidelyquotedingdowntothisday.2)IntheprefacetothetranslatedEvolutionandEthics, YanFusetdownthetripletranslationcriteria,namely,―faithfulness(信), expressiveness (达) andelegance (雅)‖，withwhichheopenedanewchapterinthetranslationhistoryofChina. YanFu：EvolutionandEthicsandotheressaysbyT.H.Huxley(《天演论》)AnInquiryIntotheNatureandCauseoftheWealthof NationsbyA.Smith(《原富》). Ⅱ.TranslationinContemporaryChina TranslationactivityhastakenonanewlookeversincetheMay4thMovement,thestartingpointofthenewdemocraticrevolutioninChina.Forthesakeofaconcisediscussion,wemaydividethecontemporaryeraintotwoperiods. 2.1TranslationinChinabetween1919-19492.2TranslationinPresent-dayChina（1949-至今） 2.1TranslationinChinabetween1919-1949 1)LiteraryTranslationwasequallynoteworthyduringthisperiod,whichmadeasignificantcontributiontotheintroductionofforeignliteratureandthedevelopmentofChineseliterature.ClassicalChineseintranslationwasgraduallyreplacedbyamoresimplifiedandeasilyunderstoodvernacular本地话,方言Chinesebaihua,(白话)，Hencealinguisticprogress. 2)Intermsofthequalityandquantityofliterarytranslation,bothimprovedgreatlyduetotheunremittingeffortsofmanyeminenttranslatorsincluding LuXun,QuQiubai,MaodunandLinYutang,whonotonlydevotedtotranslationpracticebutalso advancedtheirowntheoryaboutsuchicsastranslationcriteria,literalorfreetranslation,etc. 2.2TranslationinPresent-dayChina（1949-至今） TranslationinChinahassteppedintoanewerasincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChinain1949.NationalandanizationsfortranslatorswereestablishedandalargequantityofscientificandtechnicalworkswastranslatedintoChinesetomeetthedemandsofnationalsocialandeconomicconstruction.Meanwhile,thequalityandquantityoftranslationsfromChineseintoforeignlanguagesacquiredencouragingachievements. Withtheconclusionoftheso-called―GreatCulturalRevolution‖andChina’sadoptionofthepolicyofreformandopening-up,therewererenewedeffortsinthefieldoftranslationstudiesandpractice.Somanyworkshavebeentranslatedintheaspectsofliterature,culture,scienceandtechnology,andeconomy. Inthelastfewdecades,anumberofscholarsinChinaintroducedvarioustranslationprinciplesinviewofnewdiscoveriesinsuchbranchesassemiotics,sociallinguistics,munication,etc.ordingly,translationtheorieshavewitnesseddramaticchangesinmanyareaslikenotionsofequivalence,faithfulness,contexts,culturalinteractionandconflicts. LookingbackonthehistoryoftranslationinChina,wefindthat,ononehand,thelonghistoryoftranslationisworthtakingpridein;ontheotherhand,itishardtofindasystematictranslationtheorytoguidetranslationpracticealthoughtheredoexistsomeprescriptiveexplanationsonhowtotranslate.paringthesituationwithWesternstudiesinthisfield,wehavetoadmitthatChinastillhasalongwaytogoinitsdevelopmentoftranslationtheoryandpractice.Withitsboomingeconomyandtheexpansionofitspoliticalinfluenceinthemunity,Chinanowisfacinganewchallengeintranslationstudies. II.Thenatureandclassificationoftranslation(seestudents’book) III.Theunitsoftranslation(seestudents’book) IV.Thestandardoftranslation(seestudents’book)
1.OneissetupbyYanFu(严复)onthebasisof―faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance‖(faithfulness:tobefaithfultothecontentoftheoriginal;expressiveness:tobeasexpressiveastheoriginal;elegance:tobeelegantifatranslatoruseswordsorsentence patternsbeforeHanDynasty.) (信、达、雅).(信：意义不倍(背)本文，忠实于原文；达： 尽译文语言所能事以求原义明显，不拘泥于原文形式，信、达二者统一； 雅： 脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。
他认为只有译文本身采用“汉以前字法句法”——实际上即所谓上等的文言文，才算登大雅之堂。
) (加上课本p.8中间的内容评论)
2.TheotherisputforwardbyLuXun(鲁迅)onthebasisof―ratherbeingfaithfulinthoughtthansmoothinlanguage‖(宁信而不顺).
3.ThenewChinawitnessestwoimportantscholarsontranslation. OneisFuLeiandtheotherisQianZhongshu.Theformersuggests ―achievethe„spirit‟oftheoriginalorexpressresemblance”（神似）.(译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来，或称能达到 “形似”和“神似”，这是翻译的高标准。
) Mr.QianZhongshuputsforwardtheideasof ―transfigurationorconversion”whichaimedat“perfection‖(化境).（所谓“化境”‘就是原作向译文的“投胎转世”，文字形式虽然换 了，而原文投胎的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本的化到了译文的境界里了，丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹，让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样。
化境是比传神更高的翻译标准。
） Theytwofollowtheprincipleoffaithfulness.
4.IntheEasternJinDynasty,thereappearedanothertranslator,themonkDaoAn (释道安). Hesuggested ―preachingordingtotheoriginalwithoutanydeductionoraddition‖ (案本而传，不令有损言游字:按照原文的本意). Inthehistoryofwesterntranslationtheories,thereappearedalotoftranslationtheorists.Hereweonlymentionsomerepresentativeopinionsontranslationcriteria.AlexanderFrasterTytlerproposedthefamousthreeprinciplesinhisessayontheprinciplesoftranslation,inwhichhethoughtthat―thetranslationshouldgivepletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork;thestyleandthemannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal;thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseofposition‖ (
一、译作应完全复写出原文的思想；
二、译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质；
三、译作应具备原创作品的通顺). Exactlythethreeprinciplesareallbasedonfaithfulness. What’smonpointofthesetranslationcriteria?
Despitethevarietyofopinions,twocriteria(pl.)arealmostunanimouslyepted,namely, thecriterionoffaithfulness/uracy(忠实/准确)and thatofsmoothness(流畅/通顺).Wemayalsotakethesecriteriaasthe principlesoftranslationingeneral.Byfaithfulness/uracy,wemeantobefaithfulnotonlytotheoriginalcontents,totheoriginalmeaningandviews,butalsototheoriginalformandstyle. ExamplesinthetextbookP10-13arearrangedtoillustrateandexplainthat.Bysmoothness,wemeannotonlyeasyandreadablerendering,butalsoidiomatic（地道的）expressioninthetargetlanguage,freefromstiffformulaandmechanicalcopyingfromdictionaries.ExamplesinthetextbookP10-13arearrangedtoillustrateandexplainthat.
V.Thequalificationsofagoodtranslator(seestudents’book) Exercises:
1.TextbookP.19
2.中国翻译史可大致分为那几个阶段？
3.你印象最深的翻译家是谁？他对翻译事业最突出的贡献 是什么？
4.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish:―友好与和平”， 陈宏薇，《新实用汉英翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2001.5 友好与和平中国之所以坚持独立自主的和平外交立场，是因为在历史上她饱受帝国主义侵略战争带来的的苦难，更珍惜今天来之不易的和平生活，更同情与支持各国人民共同努力维护世界和平。
中国是个发展中国家，正致力于通过改革开放，加快社会主义现代化建设，努力提高人民生活水平。
为了实现既定的经济社会规划与目标，中国不仅需要国内的安定，也需要有一个和平的国际环境，特别是和平的周边环境。
可以说这种愿望与世界各国人民的和平愿望是一致的。
人们都知道，当今世界面临和平与发展两大课题，各国人民都需要一个安宁平静的和平环境，以发展经济，改善生活。
只有如此才能和平保障发展，发展促进和平。
友好与和平中国之所以坚持独立自主的和平外交立场，是因为在历史上她百年来饱受帝国主义侵略战争带来的的苦难，更珍惜今天来之不易的和平生活，更同情与支持各国人民共同努力维护世界和平。
PeaceandFriendship Chinainsistsonapeaceful,independentforeignpolicy,becauseshesufferedagreatdealfromimperialistinvasionforalmostacentury,andthusshecherishesherhard–earnedpeacefullifeallthemoreandwouldgivemoresympathyandsupporttotheconcertedeffortsofallthepeopletomaintainworldpeace. 中国是个发展中国家，正致力于通过改革开放，加快社会主义现代化建设，努力提高人民生活水平。
Beingadevelopingcountry,Chinaistryingineverywaypossibletospeedupitssocialistconstructionandraisethepeople’slivingstandardsbymeansofreformandtheopenpolicy. 为了实现既定的经济社会规划与目标，中国不仅需要国内的安定，也需要有一个和平的国际环境，特别是和平的周边环境。
Toachievethegoalsetforhereconomicandsocialdevelopment,Chinaneedsnotonlynationalstabilitybutalsoapeacefulinternationalenvironment,especiallypeacefulsurroundings. 可以说这种愿望与世界各国人民的和平愿望是一致的。
Thisisalsothehopeofallthepeopleintheworld. 人们都知道，当今世界面临和平与发展两大课题，各国人民都需要一个安宁平静的和平环境，以发展经济，改善生活。
Peaceanddevelopmentarethetwomajortasksfacingtheworldtoday. Alltheworldpeopleshopeforapeacefulinternationalsituationsothattheycandeveloptheireconomiesandimprovelivingconditions. 只有如此才能和平保障发展，发展促进和平。
Peaceistheguaranteefordevelopmentanddevelopmentinturnpromotespeace.
5.Assignments： PutthefollowingintoEnglish.
1.弘扬主旋律,提倡多样化。
2.深圳,真的被边缘化了吗？(报纸标题)
3.经济改革取得了巨大成就并且不断深化。
4.我们应当努力提高文化水平。
5.坚持物质文明和精神文明两手抓，实行依法治国和以德治 国相结合。
6.我们坚信中国的外交在社会主义中国走向振兴统一的历史 进程中将写下更加辉煌的篇章。
7.深化教育改革，全面推进素质教育，努力培养学生的创新 精神和实践能力，促进学生德智体美全面发展。
8.大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等，所以人们对于 大自然，全部一致并深深地依赖着。
尤其在乡间，上千年人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
Keytothesentencetranslation
1.Promotemainstreamvaluesandupholddiversity.
2.Shenzhen,theSEZisreallyonthevergeof…?
IsShenzhenSEZingmarginal?
(cf.边缘 学科：marginaldiscipline)
3.Theeconomicreformhasmadegreatachievementsandisdeepening. Greatachievementshavebeenmadeintheeconomicreform,whichisdevelopingindepth.
4.Weshouldtrytoimproveoureducationallevel.
5.Attachequalimportancetobothmaterialandspiritualcivilizationandrunthecountrybiningtheruleoflawwiththeruleofvirtue.
6.WefirmlybelievethatasthesocialistChinamarchestowardrejuvenationandreunification,amoregloriouschapterwillbewritteninthehistoryofChina’sdiplomacy.
7.Itshouldbemadetodeepentheeducationalreformandpromotethequalification-orientededucationinanall-roundway.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtofosteraspiritofinnovation,developpracticalabilitiesandimproveinanallroundwayintermsoftheirmoral,intellectual,physicalandaestheticdevelopment.
8.Humanbeings,poororrich,arefavoredequallybyNature,sotheyunanimouslyrelyonitdeeply.Thisisparticularlytrueinthecountrysidewherepeopleliveinthesamestyleforoverathousandyears.
1．习近平主席发表二〇一六年新年贺词ChinesePresidentXiJinping’sNewYear Speech20162015年12月31日December31,2015同志们，朋友们，女士们，先生们： Comrades,friends,ladiesandgentlemen, 再过几个小时，新年的钟声就要敲响了。
Inafewhours,theNewYearbellwillberinging.我们即将告别2015年，迎来2016年的第一缕阳光。
Wewillsaygoodbyetotheyear2015andethefirstrayofsunshineoftheyear2016. 在这辞旧迎新的时刻，我向全国各族人民，向香港特别行政区同胞和澳门特别行政区同胞，向台湾同胞和海外侨胞，向世界各国和各地区的朋友们，致以新年的祝福！ Atthisturnoftheyear,IwishtoextendmyNewYeargreetingstothepeopleofallethnicgroupsinChina,topatriotsintheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionandtheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion,topatriotsinTaiwanandoverseas,aswellasfriendsinothercountriesandregionsintheworld. 有付出，就会有收获。
Aslongaswepay,therewillbegains.2015年，中国人民付出了很多，也收获了很多。
In2015,Chinesepeoplehavemadegreateffortsin buildingtheirnationandhaveachievedenormously.我国经济增长继续居于世界前列，China’seconomicgrowthcontinuestoleadintheworld.改革全面发力，Reformhasbeenpushedprehensively.司法体制改革继续深化，Reforminthejudicialsystemhasbeenfurtherdeepened.. “三严三实”专题教育推动了政治生态改善，Thespecialeducationalcampaignof“ThreeStrictsand ThreeEarnests”(诚挚)haspromotedtheimprovementofthepoliticaleco-system.反腐败斗争深入进行。
Thefightagainstcorruptionhasbeencarriedoutdeeply.经过全国各族人民共同努力，“十二五”规划圆满收官， Throughthejointeffortsofthepeopleofallethnicgroupsacrossthecountry,weseeaessfulconclusionofthe“12thFive-YearPlan”. 广大人民群众有了更多获得感。
Thegeneralpublichasenjoyedtheincreasing“senseof gain”.
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