1 第1单元英语和汉语的基本特点认知（一）——语音、语调、语流 第1单元 英语和汉语的基本特点认知（一）——语音、语调、语流 口译场合：英语演讲
1 Objectivesofstudy:
1.LearnthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseintermsofintonation,pronunciationandspeechowforthepurposeofinterpreting.
2.Practicelisteningandspeakingskillsforthepurposeofinterpreting.
3.Practiceprehensionforthepurposeofinterpreting.
一、口译技能训练 Listentothefollowingaudioclipsonebyone.Inthefirstlistening,pleasepracticespeakingaftereachsentenceandtrytoimitatethepronunciationandintonationintheoriginalspeech.Thenlistenagainandtrytoretelltheinformationyou’vegotfromeachspeechsegment.Don’tettoclosethetextbookwhilepracticing.Youmaycheckyourprehensionagainstthetranscriptsaerwards. Passage1 SpeechScenario:Inthefollowingaudioclip,Mr.BillGatesisdeliveringmencementspeechinHarvardUniversity.
1 英汉口译
1 YougraduatescametoHarvardatworld’sinequitiesthantheclasses adithat erenttime.Youknowmoreaboutthecamebefore.Inyouryearshere,Ihope you’vehadachancetothinkabouthow—inthisageofeleratingtechnology—we cannallytakeontheseinequities,andwecansolvethem. Passage2 SpeechScenario:Inthefollowingaudioclip,theeminenthistorianProfessorJonathanSpenceisgivingthe2008ReithLectureonConfucianWays. Confuciuswasahistoricallyverifiableperson,479BCattheageof72.Helivedmostofhis bornin551BC,wholifeintheStateofLu diedininwhat todayisknownasShandongProvince.Hewasnotanaristocrat,butratheramember ofthescholarorprofessionalclasswhomanagedtoeamid-levelbureaucrat. Helovedmusicandpoetry,lovedhistoryandthepracticeoftherites,andhesought todeneandpracticetheartofruling.Hespentfourteenofhisyearsinwandering andonlyhadafeweetingyearsinwhichtopracticewhathepreached. Passage3 SpeechScenario:Inthefollowingaudioclip,MadamCondoleezaRice,formerUSSecretaryofState,speaksonherexperienceofAfrica. Myfirstwhere experienceofmyauntwas Africawas,teachingat actually,asatheuniversity younggirl.IvisitedLiberia,inMonrovia.Iwasn’tthere forlong.Iwasveryyoung,andIfranklydon’tremembermuch.Butthatwasin theveryearly1960sanditwasstillthedawninghoursofAfrica’sindependence. eexcitementwaspalpable.erewasasensethatanythingwaspossible,and thatthefreenationsofAfricawouldsoontaketheirplaceamongmunity ofnations,withequaldignity,withmutualrespect,andwithgrowingopportunity fortheAfricanpeople.IwillsaythatforayounggirlfromBirmingham,Alabama, wherefreedomandjusticewerepromisedbutstilldenied,Africa’sexamplewas inspiring.
2 第1单元英语和汉语的基本特点认知（一）——语音、语调、语流 Passage4 SpeechScenario:Inthefollowingaudioclip,anofficialfromUKTradeandInvestmenttalksaboutinnovationintheUKduringanICTseminar. Asalotofyouknow,theUKhasalonghistoryofinnovation-driventechnologydevelopment.YoucanlookbacktoAlexanderGrahamBellandtheinventionof 1telephone,JohnBairdandtheinventionoftelevision.ComingmorerecentlytoTim Berners-Lee,whoinventedtheWorldWideWeb.Andtoday,UKisattheforefrontofconvergenceinmobilewirelessandmunicationstechnologies.ItleadsEuropeasthestrongestresearchbaseforICT.eICTindustryintheUKisnotaswellknownaswethinkitshouldbeworldwide.Itisanincrediblystrongsectoranditountsforsomethinglike10percentofUKGDP.Andverymanyofpaniesarepositionedrightatofglobalvaluechain,whichmakesthemidealpartners. Passage5 SpeechScenario:Inthefollowingaudioclip,Mr.AlGore,formerVicePresidentoftheUS,ismakingaspeechonenergy. Therearetimesinthehistoryofournationwhenourverywayoflifedependsupondispellingillusionsandawakeningtothechallengeofapresentdanger.Insuchmoments,wearecalledupontomovequicklyandboldlyandshakeplacency,throwasideoldhabitsandrise,clear-eyedandalert,tothenecessityofmakingbigchanges.osewho,forwhateverreason,refusetodotheirpartinsuchtimesmusteitherbepersuadedtojointheeortoraskedtostepaside.isissuchamoment.esurvivaloftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,asweknowit,isatrisk.Andevenmore—ifmoreshouldberequired—thefutureofhumancivilizationisatstake.
二、口译技巧点拨 每一种语言都有自己独特的发音。
英语和汉语分属不同的语言系统（英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系），在发音方面有着巨大的差异。
了解英语
3 英汉口译 1
4 和汉语在发音方面的基本特点，有利于提高口译所必需的听辨能力。
本单元将简要介绍与英汉口译直接相关的英语和汉语在语音、语调和语流方面的差异之处。

（1）英语和汉语的语音差异英语的多数音是用口腔中后部发出的，而汉语是用口腔中前部，也就是舌尖处发音。
从这一点来看，英语的发音比较接近“美声唱法”，会运用到胸腔甚至腹腔的力量，听起来较具有磁性和穿透力。
就发音时的音素而言，一般认为，英语有48个音素，汉语有44个。
英语和汉语没有任何两个音完全相同，它们在舌位、唇形等方面都有所差异。
就英汉口译中比较重要的语音差异而言，英语比汉语有着更细的单元音划分。
比如，汉语中的扁唇前元音只有一个韵母i，无论读得长一些、短一些，开口松一些还是紧一些，都表示同样的意思，没有词义上的变化。
但是，英语中却有长元音/i:/和短元音/I/一对音素，二者会产生不同的意思，如feet和t，所以在听英语发音的时候要特别注意区分这种长短单元音的差别，从而更好地理解原文。
在辅音方面，汉语中没有浊辅音，只有清辅音；英语中则同时兼有发音部位和发音方法完全相同但清浊不同的辅音音素，如/s/—/z/，/f/—/v/。
辅音所处的位置也不相同。
汉语除了鼻韵母中的舌尖鼻辅音（通常称作“前鼻音”）/n/和舌根鼻辅音（通常称作“后鼻音”）/ng/可以后置以外，辅音一般都位于音节之前。
英语中辅音的位置则很灵活。
除了/h/和/r/等个别位置有所限制的辅音之外，其他的辅音都是既可位于音节前也可位于音节后，有的甚至可位于音节中。
就音渡而言，汉语中虽然有以韵母开始的音节，但都会在此之前用到声门闭塞音，而不是以真元音开始的，比如，棉袄miánǎo，不是miánǎo（棉脑）；天安门tiānānmén不是tiānánmén（天南门），所以汉语中没有连读。
但英语中有很多的连读。
一般来说，在同一个意群中，凡是以元音开始的音节，都可以与其前一音节的最后一个音素发生连读。
所以在英汉口译的听辨训练中，要特别重视对连读的训练。
本单元第一部分Passage3中有比较明显的连读，请注意体会。

（2）英语和汉语的语调差异在语调上，英语和汉语之间存在很大的差异。
汉语是声调语言，声调的类型是词的一部分，决定了词的含义。
不同的声调意味着不同的词。
而英语是语调语言，音高变化分布在短语和句子上（称为语调），而不是词上。
英 第1单元英语和汉语的基本特点认知（一）——语音、语调、语流 语单词本身并没有固定的音高变化，而是根据其在句子中的位置获得音高变 化。
换句话说，语调在英语中是属于整个句子的，而不像汉语中的声调那样 属于某个单词。
在句子层面上，我们会发现，汉语句子的语调是在句中每个 词的声调基础上通过抑扬顿挫形成的，而在英语语调中，起主要作用的是句 子中的重读音节。
句末的语调在汉语中只体现在句子最后一个字上，在英语 中则一般体现在句子最后一个重读音节上。
可结合本单元第一部分
Passage1 和Passage2进行体会。

（3）英语和汉语的语流差异在重音分布上，英语和汉语的差别很大。
就单词的重音而言，汉语中组
1 成词的每一个字（包括单字词）本身即具有重音，而英语中绝大多数的双音 节词和多音节词都只有一个重音，虽然有些多音节词还有次重音，但次重音 和重音绝不会紧挨在一起。
就句子的重音而言，汉语中除了极个别的弱读音 节外，句子重音几乎一个紧挨着一个。
而在英语中，句子的重音很少挨在
一 起，大多数使用率很高的词，包括介词、连词、冠词、助动词等，一般都用 弱读式。
句中的重音往往正是句子的核心含义所在。
在音节的发音速度上，汉语属音节节拍语言，即无论说话速度的快慢， 句子中的每个音节所占的时间大致相等。
而英语则是重音节拍语言，即句子 中的重读音节会有规律地出现，形成一定的节奏和韵律，由此，音节多的节 奏组中的每个音节就会比音节少的节奏组中的每个音节要短，发音速度要 快。
相应地，如果能够体会和掌握到英语发言中的节奏，就会比较容易听懂 发言的意思。
请仔细体会本单元第一部分的
Passage4和Passage5。

三、口译主题练习 ListentothefollowingspeechesandtrytoappreciatethefeaturesoftheEnglishlanguagedescribedintheabovesection. Passage1 SpeechScenario:Inthefollowingaudioclip,aprofessorofOxfordUniversitystartsherlecturewithasmallcasestudyonpovertyalleviation.
5 英汉口译
1 I’dliketostartwithalittlecasestudyusedinaCanadiantrainingprogramseveralyearsago.ecasestudywassetinanAndeancountrywhereinthehighmountain,altiplanopeopleraisedllamasandalpacasfortheirwoolandskins.Theuniversityfacultyworkedhardtodevelopatreatmentfortheanimalsthatwouldkilltheinsectsthatinfestedthewoolandaectedthequalityofthewoolandskininthemarket. Sothen,oncetheydevelopedthetreatment,theywenttotheruralvillages,whichweremainlyinhabitedbyindigenousfarmers.eycalledthementogetherandtoldthemthattheycouldimprovethequalityofthewooloftheanimalsbymakingabathofparticularchemicalsandbathingtheanimals,andinthatway,theyhavebetterwoolandtheycouldmakemoremoneyinthemarket.Thementhankedtheresearchersfromtheuniversityandsaidthiswasveryuseful,andthentheywenthometotelltheirwivesaboutit,becauseintheirsocietyitwasthewiveswhomanagedthellamas. Andthewomentookthisveryseriouslybecausethemenfromtheuniversityetotalktotheirmen,soaeralongdayofgettingupbeforesunrisetopreparethebreakfast,andthenworkingintheelds,andgrindinggrain,andpreparingdinner,aerseeingtotheirhusbands’needsandputtingtheirchildrentobed,theymadeupthesolutionandtheybathedtheirllamas—andtheanimalsdied,becauseaerthesunsetsintheAndes,itisverycold,toocoldforanimalstosurvivealatenightbath.[1] Passage2 SpeechScenario:Ms.SueLawley,ananchorwomanoftheBBCisintroducingtotheaudienceatthebeginningofthe2008ReithLecture. HelloandetotheBritishLibraryinLondon.Sometimescalledthe“nation’smemory”,ithousesmillionsofvaluableitems,includingMagnaCarta,LeonardodaVinci’sNotebook,andtheNationalSoundArchive.Italsohousestheoldestbookintheworld,whichwasprintedin868ADinChina.isChineseconnectionmakesitanappropriateplaceinwhichtostartthisyear’sReithLectures.Oursubjectonthis,their60thanniversary,isChina;andourlecturer,amansteepedinknowledgeofthisvastcountry,whichofcourseintwomonthstimeplayshosttotheOlympicGamesandiscurrentlystrugglingtoetheaermathofaterrifyingearthquake.
6 第1单元英语和汉语的基本特点认知（一）——语音、语调、语流 etitleofthelecturesis“ChineseVistas”.China’sbreathtakingeconomicgrowth overthelasttwenty-veyearshastransformeditintoagreatpower.Atthesametime, formanypeopleintheWestitsextraordinarypastmakesitanobjectofsuspicionand mistrust.Buttherecanbenodoubtthatit’sacountrywhichwillhaveasignicant inuenceoverallofourlivesintheyearse.Intheselectures,we’llbeexploring howitworksandwhatmakesittick.OurguideisamanwhoknowsChinaverywell indeed.He’sSterlingProfessorofHistoryatYaleUniversityandisrecognizedasone oftheforemostscholarsofChinesecivilisationfromthe16thcenturytothepresentday.“TounderstandChinatoday,”hesays,“youhavetounderstanditspast.”
1 Inhisrstlecture,he’sgoingbacktwoandahalfthousandyearstoConfucius,a manwhosethoughtsandideaspermeatethefabricofhiscountryandmakehimstill relevanttotheChinaoftoday.ThefirstlectureiscalledConfucianWays.Ladiesand Gentlemen,pleaseethe60thanniversaryBBCReithlecturer:JonathanSpence.[2] Passage3 Speechscenario:Mr.AlGore,formerVicePresidentoftheUS,givesaspeechasthe2007NobelLaureate. YourMajesties,YourRoyalHighnesses,NobelCommittee,Excellencies,Ladies HonorablemembersandGentlemen, of the Norwegian Ihaveapurposeheretoday.ItisapurposeIhavetriedtoserveformanyyears. IhaveprayedthatGodwouldshowmeawaytoplishit. Sometimes,withoutwarning,thefutureknocksonourdoorwithaprecious andpainfulvisionofwhatmightbe.Onehundredandeenyearsago,a wealthyinventorreadhisownobituary,mistakenlypublishedyearsbeforehis death.Wronglybelievingtheinventorhadjustdied,anewspaperprintedaharsh judgmentofhislife’swork,unfairlylabelinghim“eMerchantofDeath”because ofhisinvention—dynamite.Shakenbythiscondemnation,theinventormadea fatefulchoicetoservethecauseofpeace. Sevenyearslater,AlfredNobelcreatedthisprizeandtheothersthatbearhisname. Sevenyearsagotomorrow,Ireadmyownpoliticalobituaryinajudgmentthat seemedtomeharshandmistaken—ifnotpremature.Butthateverdict
7 英汉口译 1
8 alsobroughtapreciousifpainfulgi:anopportunitytosearchforfreshnewwaystoservemypurpose. Unexpectedly,thatquesthasbroughtmehere.EventhoughIfearmywordscannotmatchthismoment,IpraythatwhatIamfeelinginmyheartwillmunicatedclearlyenoughthatthosewhohearmewillsay,“Wemustact.” Thedistinguishedscientistswithwhomitisthegreatesthonorofmylifetosharethisawardhavelaidbeforeusachoicebetweentwodifferentfutures—achoicethattomyearsechoesthewordsofanancientprophet:“Lifeordeath,blessingsorcurses.erefore,chooselife,thatboththouandthyseedmaylive.” We,thehumanspecies,areconfrontingaaryemergency—athreattothesurvivalofourcivilizationthatisgatheringominousanddestructivepotentialevenaswegatherhere.Butthereishopefulnewsaswell:wehavetheabilitytosolvethiscrisisandavoidtheworst—thoughnotall—ofitsconsequences,ifweactboldly,decisivelyandquickly. However,despiteagrowingnumberofhonorableexceptions,toomanyoftheworld’sleadersarestillbestdescribedinthewordsWinstonChurchillappliedtothosewhoignoredAdolfHitler’sthreat:“eygooninstrangeparadox,decidedonlytobeundecided,resolvedtobeirresolute,adamantfordri,solidforuidity,allpowerfultobeimpotent.” Sotoday,wedumpedanother70milliontonsofglobal-warmingpollutionintothethinshellofatmospheresurroundingour,asifitwereanopensewer.Andtomorrow,wewilldumpaslightlylargeramount,withthecumulativeconcentrationsnowtrappingmoreandmoreheatfromthesun. Asaresult,theearthhasafever.Andthefeverisrising.eexpertshavetoldusitisnotapassingaictionthatwillhealbyitself.Weaskedforasecondopinion.Andathird.Andafourth.Andtheconsistentconclusion,restatedwithincreasingdistress,isthatsomethingbasiciswrong. Wearewhatiswrong,andwemustmakeitright.LastSeptember21,astheNorthernHemispheretiltedawayfromthesun,scientistsreportedwithunprecedentedalarmthattheNorthPolaricecapis,intheirwords,“fallingoffacliff”.Onestudyestimatedthatitcouldpletelygoneduringsummerinlessthan22years.Anothernewstudy,tobepresentedbyUSNavyresearcherslaterthisweek,warnsitcouldhappeninaslittleassevenyears. 第1单元英语和汉语的基本特点认知（一）——语音、语调、语流 Sevenyearsfromnow. Inthelastfewmonths,ithasbeenharderandhardertomisinterpretthesigns thatourworldisspinningoutofkilter.MajorcitiesinNorthandSouthAmerica, AsiaandAustraliaarenearlyoutofwaterduetomassivedroughtsandmelting glaciers.Desperatefarmersarelosingtheirlivelihoods.PeoplesinthefrozenArctic andonlow-lyingPacicislandsareplanningevacuationsofplacestheyhavelong calledhome.Unprecedentedwildreshaveforcedahalfmillionpeoplefromtheir homesinonecountryandcausedanationalemergencythatalmostbroughtdownthegovernmentinanother.Climaterefugeeshavemigratedintoareasalready
1 inhabitedbypeoplewithdierentcultures,religions,andtraditions,increasingthe potentialforconict.StrongerstormsintheAtlanticandPacichavethreatened wholecities.MillionshavebeendisplacedbymassivefloodinginSouthAsia, Mexico,and18countriesinAfrica.Astemperatureextremeshaveincreased,tens ofthousandshavelosttheirlives.Wearerecklesslyburningandclearingourforests anddrivingmoreandmorespeciesintoextinction.everyweboflifeonwhich wedependisbeingrippedandfrayed. Weneverintendedtocauseallthisdestruction,justasAlfredNobelnever intendedthatdynamitebeusedforwagingwar.Hehadhopedhisinventionwould promotehumanprogress.Wesharedthatsameworthygoalwhenwebeganburning massivequantitiesofcoal,thenoilandnaturalgas. EveninNobel’stime,therewereafewwarningsofthelikelyconsequences. OneoftheveryrstwinnersofthePrizeinchemistryworriedthat,inhiswords, “Weareevaporatingourcoalminesintotheair.”Aerperforming10,000equations byhand,SvanteArrheniuscalculatedthattheearth’saveragetemperaturewould increasebymanydegreesifwedoubledtheamountofCO2intheatmosphere. Seventyyearslater,myteacher,RogerRevelle,andhiscolleague,DaveKeeling, begantopreciselydocumenttheincreasingCO2levelsdaybyday. Butunlikemostotherformsofpollution,CO2isinvisible,tasteless,and odorless—whichhashelpedkeepthetruthaboutwhatitisdoingtoourclimate outofsightandoutofmind.Moreover,thecatastrophenowthreateningusis unprecedented—andweoenconfusetheunprecedentedwiththeimprobable. Wealsondithardtoimaginemakingthemassivechangesthatarenownecessary tosolvethecrisis.Andwhenlargetruthsaregenuinelyinconvenient,whole
9 英汉口译 1 10 societiescan,atleastforatime,ignorethem.YetaseOrwellremindsus:“Soonerorlaterafalsebeliefbumpsupagainstsolidreality,usuallyonabattleeld.” Intheyearssincethisprizewasrstawarded,theentirerelationshipbetweenhumankindandtheearthhasbeenradicallytransformed.Andstill,wehaveremainedlargelyoblivioustotheimpactofourcumulativeactions. Indeed,withoutrealizingit,wehavebeguntowagewarontheearthitself.Now,weandtheearth’sclimatearelockedinarelationshipfamiliartowarplanners:“Mutuallyassureddestruction”. Morethantwodecadesago,scientistscalculatedthatnuclearwarcouldthrowsomuchdebrisandsmokeintotheairthatitwouldblocklife-givingsunlightfromouratmosphere,causinga“nuclearwinter”.eireloquentwarningshereinOslohelpedgalvanizetheworld’sresolvetohaltthenucleararmsrace. Nowscienceiswarningusthatifwedonotquicklyreducetheglobalwarmingpollutionthatistrappingsomuchoftheheatournormallyradiatesbackoutoftheatmosphere,weareindangerofcreatingapermanent“carbonsummer”. AstheAmericanpoetRobertFrostwrote,“Somesaytheworldwillendinre;somesayinice.”Either,henotes,“wouldsuce”. Butneitherneedbeourfate.Itistimetomakepeacewiththe.Wemustquicklymobilizeourcivilizationwiththeurgencyandresolvethathaspreviouslybeenseenonlywhennationsmobilizedforwar.esepriorstrugglesforsurvivalwerewonwhenleadersfoundwordsatthe11thhourthatreleasedamightysurgeofcourage,hopeandreadinesstosacriceforaprotractedandmortalstruggle. esewerefortingandmisleadingassurancesthatthethreatwasnotrealorimminent;thatitwouldaffectothersbutnotourselves;thatordinarylifemightbelivedeveninthepresenceofextraordinarythreat;thatProvidencecouldbetrustedtodoforuswhatwewouldnotdoforourselves. No,thesewerecallsetothedefenseofmonfuture.eywerecallsuponthecourage,generosityandstrengthofentirepeoples,citizensofeveryclassandconditionwhowerereadytostandagainstthethreatonceaskedtodoso.Ourenemiesinthosetimescalculatedthatfreepeoplewouldnotrisetothechallenge;theywere,ofcourse,catastrophicallywrong. esthethreatofclimatecrisis—athreatthatisreal,rising,imminent, 第1单元英语和汉语的基本特点认知（一）——语音、语调、语流 anduniversal.Onceagain,itisthe11thhour.Thepenaltiesforignoringthis challengeareimmenseandgrowing,andatsomenearpointwouldbeunsustainable andunrecoverable.Fornowwestillhavethepowertochooseourfate,andthe remainingquestionisonlythis:Havewethewilltoactvigorouslyandintime,or willweremainimprisonedbyadangerousillusion?
MahatmaGandhiawakenedthelargestdemocracyonearthandeda sharedresolvewithwhathecalled“Satyagraha”—or“truthforce”. Ineveryland,thetruth—onceknown—hasthepowertosetusfree.Truthalsohasthepowertouniteusandbridgethedistancebetween“me”and
1 “we”,creatingthebasismoneortandsharedresponsibility. ereisanAfricanproverbthatsays,“Ifyouwanttogoquickly,goalone.If youwanttogofar,gotogether.”Weneedtogofar,quickly. Wemustabandontheconceitthatindividual,isolated,privateactionsare theanswer.Theycananddohelp.Buttheywillnottakeusfarenoughwithout collectiveaction.Atthesametime,wemustensurethatinmobilizingglobally,we donotinvitetheestablishmentofideologicalconformityandanewlock-step“ism”. Thatmeansadoptingprinciples,values,laws,andtreatiesthatrelease creativityandinitiativeateverylevelofsocietyinmultifoldresponsesoriginating concurrentlyandspontaneously. Thisnewconsciousnessrequiresexpandingthepossibilitiesinherentinall humanity.einnovatorswhowilldeviseanewwaytoharnessthesun’senergyfor penniesorinventanenginethat’scarbonnegativemayliveinLagosorMumbaior Montevideo.Wemustensurethatentrepreneursandinventorseverywhereonthe globehavethechancetochangetheworld. Whenweuniteforamoralpurposethatismanifestlygoodandtrue,the spiritualenergyunleashedcantransformus.egenerationthatdefeatedfascism throughouttheworldinthe1940sfound,inrisingtomeettheirawesomechallenge, thattheyhadgainedthemoralauthorityandlong-termvisiontolaunchtheMarshall Plan,theUnitedNations,andanewlevelofglobalcooperationandforesightthat uniedEuropeandfacilitatedtheemergenceofdemocracyinJapan,Germany,Italy andmuchoftheworld.Oneoftheirvisionaryleaderssaid,“Itistimewesteeredby thestarsandnotbythelightsofeverypassingship.” Inthelastyearofthatwar,yougavethePeacePrizetoamanfrommyhometown 11 英汉口译 1 12 of2000people,Carthage,Tennessee,intheUSA.CordellHullwasdescribedbyFranklinRooseveltasthe“FatheroftheUnitedNations”.Hewasaninspirationandherotomyownfather,whofollowedHullintheCongressandtheUSSenateandinmitmenttoworldpeaceandglobalcooperation. MyparentsspokeoenofHull,alwaysintonesofreverenceandadmiration.Eightweeksago,whenyouannouncedthisprize,thedeepestemotionIfeltwaswhenIsawtheheadlineinmyhometownpaperthatsimplynotedIhadwonthesameprizethatCordellHullhadwon.Inthatmoment,Iknewwhatmyfatherandmotherwouldhavefeltweretheyalive. JustasHull’sgenerationfoundmoralauthorityinrisingtosolvetheworldcrisiscausedbyfascism,socanwendourgreatestopportunityinrisingtosolvetheclimatecrisis.IntheKanjicharactersusedinbothChineseandJapanese,“crisis”iswrittenwithtwosymbols,therstmeaning“danger”,thesecond“opportunity”.Byfacingandremovingthedangeroftheclimatecrisis,wehavetheopportunitytogainthemoralauthorityandvisiontovastlyincreaseourowncapacitytosolveothercrisesthathavebeentoolongignored. Wemustunderstandtheconnectionsbetweentheclimatecrisisandtheaictionsofpoverty,hunger,HIV/AIDsandotherpandemics.Astheseproblemsarelinked,sotoomustbetheirsolutions.Wemustbeginbymakingmonrescueoftheglobalenvironmenttheanizingprincipleofthemunity. Fieenyearsago,Imadethatcaseatthe“EarthSummit”inRiodeJaneiro.Tenyearsago,IpresenteditinKyoto.isweek,IwillurgethedelegatesinBalitoadoptaboldmandateforatreatythatestablishesauniversalglobalcaponemissionsandusesthemarketinemissionstradingtoefficientlyallocateresourcestothemosteectiveopportunitiesforspeedyreductions. istreatyshouldberatiedandbroughtintoeecteverywhereintheworldbythebeginningof2010—twoyearssoonerthanpresentlycontemplated.epaceofourresponsemustbeeleratedtomatchtheeleratingpaceofthecrisisitself. HeadsofstateshouldmeetearlynextyeartoreviewwhatwasplishedinBaliandtakepersonalresponsibilityforaddressingthiscrisis.Itisnotunreasonabletoask,giventhegravityofourcircumstances,thattheseheadsofstatemeeteverythreemonthsuntilthetreatypleted. 第1单元英语和汉语的基本特点认知（一）——语音、语调、语流 Wealsoneedamoratoriumontheconstructionofanynewgeneratingfacility thatburnscoalwithoutthecapacitytosafelytrapandstorecarbondioxide. Andmostimportantofall,weneedtoputapriceoncarbon—withaCO2tax thatisthenrebatedbacktothepeople,progressively,ordingtothelawsofeach nation,inwaysthatshitheburdenoftaxationfromemploymenttopollution.is isbyfarthemosteectiveandsimplestwaytoeleratesolutionstothiscrisis. Theworldnowneedsanalliance—especiallyofthosenationsthatweigh heaviestinthescaleswhereearthisinthebalance.IsaluteEuropeandJapanforthestepsthey’vetakeninrecentyearstomeetthechallenge,andthenewgovernment
1 inAustralia,whichhasmadesolvingtheclimatecrisisitsrstpriority. Buttheewillbedecisivelyinfluencedbytwonationsthatarenow failingtodoenough:theUnitedStatesandChina.WhileIndiaisalsogrowingfast inimportance,itshouldbeabsolutelyclearthatitisthetwolargestCO2emitters— mostofall,myowncountry—thatwillneedtomaketheboldestmoves,orstand ountablebeforehistoryfortheirfailuretoact. Bothcountriesshouldusingtheother’sbehaviorasanexcuseforstalemate andinsteaddevelopanagendaformutualsurvivalinasharedglobalenvironment. Thesearethelastfewyearsofdecision,buttheycanbethefirstyearsofa brightandhopefulfutureifwedowhatwemust.Nooneshouldbelieveasolution willbefoundwithouteort,withoutcost,withoutchange.Letusacknowledgethat ifwewishtoredeemsquanderedtimeandspeakagainwithmoralauthority,then thesearethehardtruths: ewayaheadisdicult.eouterboundaryofwhatwecurrentlybelieveis feasibleisstillfarshortofwhatweactuallymustdo.Moreover,betweenhereand there,acrosstheunknown,fallstheshadow. atisjustanotherwayofsayingthatwehavetoexpandtheboundariesof whatispossible.InthewordsoftheSpanishpoet,AntonioMachado,“Pathwalker, thereisnopath.Youmustmakethepathasyouwalk.” Wearestandingatthemostfatefulforkinthatpath.SoIwanttoendasI began,withavisionoftwofutures—eachapalpablepossibility—andwithaprayer thatwewillseewithvividclaritythenecessityofchoosingbetweenthosetwo futures,andtheurgencyofmakingtherightchoicenow. egreatNorwegianplaywright,HenrikIbsen,wrote,“Oneofthesedays,the 13 英汉口译
1 youngergenerationeknockingatmydoor.”Thefutureisknockingatourdoorrightnow.Makenomistake,thenext generationwillaskusoneoftwoquestions.Eithertheywillask:“Whatwereyouthinking;whydidn’tyouact?
” Ortheywillaskinstead:“Howdidyoufindthemoralcouragetoriseandessfullyresolveacrisisthatsomanysaidwasimpossibletosolve?
” Wehaveeverythingweneedtogetstarted,saveperhapspoliticalwill,butpoliticalwillisarenewableresource. Soletusrenewit,andletussaytogether:“Wehaveapurpose.Wearemany.Forthispurposewewillrise,andwewillact.”[3] 练习难点提示 [1]本段发言语速较慢，发音清晰，句子中的重音节和弱音节区分明显，有比较明显的英语语言节奏。
本发言叙述的是一个故事型的案例，聆听时请注意体会英语的语调和节奏，并可在头脑中想象出相应的场景，以完全把握发言的含义。
[2]本段发言语速较快，语流顺畅且包含的信息量较大，并有着非常明显的英式英语发音特点。
聆听时请注意体会英式英语的发音和节奏。
[3]本段发言语速适中，是典型的美式英语演讲，其中包含演讲人比较强烈的情感色彩。
聆听时请注意体会美式英语的发音特点和语流。
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