Unit1 HenryFielding 作品选读SelectedReading 作家简介/AbouttheAuthor 亨利·菲尔丁（HenryFielding,1707-1754）是18世纪英国杰出的小说家。
菲尔丁生于没落的贵族世家，从小接受了良好的教育，少年时期进入贵族子弟学校伊顿公学，后到荷兰莱顿大学学习法律和古典文学，但因家庭经济困难而中途辍学。
回国后，菲尔丁以编剧和办剧院谋生。
1730年至1737年，菲尔丁创作了二十多个剧本。
这些戏剧尖锐地讽刺了当时的社会政治制度，如《堂吉诃德在英国》（DonQuixoteinEngland,1734）讽刺了英国的选举制度，《1736年的历史记事》（TheHistoricalRegisterfortheYear1736,1737）揭露了英国政府的贪污腐败等。
由于揭露了统治者们贪赃枉法的无耻行径，激怒了当权者，1737年议会通过了戏剧检查法，封闭大批剧院，并严禁在公开场合嘲笑国王和政府要人，菲尔丁的剧本遭到禁演。
菲尔丁被迫放弃戏剧创作，重新学习法律，并于1740年获律师资格。
此后的14年间，菲尔丁不仅积极投身司法和治安的本职工作，撰写政论文章，创办《真爱国者》杂志（TheTruePatriot）和《考文特花园杂志》（TheCovent-GardenJournal）等，并由一部模拟嘲讽小说《对莎美拉·安德鲁斯生平的辩护》(AnApologyfortheLifeofMrs.ShamelaAndrews,1741）偶然地开始了小说创作，迈出了成为蜚声英国乃至世界著名小说家的第一步。
超负荷劳作损害了菲尔丁的健康，他被迫于1754年前往葡萄牙休养，同年逝于异乡里斯本。
菲尔丁在英国文学史上的主要贡献是在小说方面。
他共创作了
1 英美小说选读 四部长篇小说：《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯传》（TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrewsandofHisFriendMr.AbrahamAdams,1742）、《大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传》(TheLifeofMr.JonathanWildtheGreat,1743）、《弃儿汤姆·琼斯传》（TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling,1749）和《阿米莉亚》（Amelia,1751）。
菲尔丁是英国现实主义小说的奠基者。
他的创作摒弃了以前散文作品中常见的寓言、传奇、道德说教和宗教神秘色彩，把直接的生活现实作为描写对象，将错综复杂的社会矛盾反映到作品之中，并通过日常生活细节的描写来塑造人物，表现生活本质。
菲尔丁的小说对英国社会进行了全景式的描绘，开启了狄更斯、萨克雷等以社会风貌为主的全景小说（panoramicnovel）传统。
作为诗人、戏剧家、讽刺家、散文家、新闻工作者和法律改革家,菲尔丁把他各方面的才能和广阔的社会经验都运用于他的小说创作中,使他的小说内容极为丰富。
在人物塑造上，菲尔丁强调，他的小说“不写人，而写言行举止；不写个人，而写群类”。
这些生动的群类化人物生动地展现了社会各阶层的全貌。
因此有论者指出，菲尔丁的小说写的“不是人，而是风俗”，而恰恰是通过描写风俗与社会环境，菲尔丁的作品表现了历史空间，具备了史诗般的丰富和博大。
此外，在《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯传》的序文和《弃儿汤姆·琼斯传》的每卷开头部分，菲尔丁提出了自己对小说创作的意见：他把自己的小说叫做“散文体喜剧史诗”，并且规定了小说的性质、内容与形式。
他在小说创作以及创作理论上为英国小说的发展开辟了崭新的境界，对19世纪英国以及欧洲许多国家的小说发展都有重大影响，被19世纪的英国小说家沃尔特·司各特誉为“英国小说之父”。

2 Unit1 HenryFielding 选文/Selection TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling BookIIIContainingthemostmemorableTransactionswhichpassedintheFamilyofMr.Allworthy,fromtheTimewhenTommyJonesarrivedattheAgeofFourteen,tillheattainedtheAgeofeen.InthisBooktheReadermaypickupsomeHintsconcerningtheEducationofChildren. Chapteri.Containinglittleornothing.TheReaderwillbepleasedtoremember,that,attheBeginningoftheSecondBookofthisHistory,wegavehimaHintofourIntentiontopassoverseverallargePeriodsofTime,inwhichnothinghappenedworthyofbeingrecordedinaChronicleofthisKind.Insodoing,wedonotonlyconsultourownDignityandEase,buttheGoodandAdvantageoftheReader:Forbesides,that,bytheseMeans,wepreventhimfromthrowingawayhisTime,inreadingeitherwithoutPleasureorEmolument,wegivehim,atallsuchSeasons,anOpportunityofemployingthatwonderfulSagacity,ofwhichheisMaster,byfillingupthesevacantSpacesofTimewithhisownConjectures;forwhichPurposewehavetakenCaretoqualifyhimintheprecedingPages.ForInstance,whatReaderbutknowsthatMr.Allworthyfelt,atfirst,fortheLossofhisFriend,thoseEmotionsofGrief,which,onsuchasions,enterintoallMenwhoseHeartsareposedofFlint,ortheirHeadsofassolidMaterials?
Again,whatReaderdothnotknowthatPhilosophyandReligion,inTimemoderated,andatlastextinguishedthisGrief?
Theformerofthese,teachingtheFollyandVanityofit,andthelatter,correctingitasunlawful;andatthesameTimeassuagingit,byraisingfutureHopesandAssurances,whichenableastrongand
3 英美小说选读 religiousMindtotakeLeaveofaFriend,onhisDeath-bed,withlittlelessIndifferencethanifhewaspreparingforalongJourney;and,indeed,withlittlelessHopeofseeinghimagain. NorcanthejudiciousReaderbeatagreaterLossonountofMrs.BridgetBlifil,who,hemaybeassured,conductedherselfthroughthewholeSeasoninwhichGriefistomakeitsAppearanceontheOutsideoftheBody,withthestrictestRegardtoalltheRulesofCustomandDecency,suitingtheAlterationsofherCountenancetotheseveralAlterationsofherHabit:ForasthischangedfromWeedstoBlack,fromBlacktoGrey,fromGreytoWhite,sodidherCountenancechangefromDismaltoSorrowful,fromSorrowfultoSad,andfromSadtoSerious,tilltheDaycameinwhichshewasallowedtoreturntoherformerSerenity. Wehavementionedthesetwo,asExamplesonlyoftheTaskwhichmaybeimposedonReadersofthelowestClass.MuchhigherandharderExercisesofJudgmentandrationmayreasonablybeexpectedfromtheupperGraduatesinCriticism.1ManynotableDiscoverieswill,Idoubtnot,bemadebysuch,oftheTransactionswhichhappenedintheFamilyofourworthyMan2,duringalltheYearswhichwehavethoughtpropertopassover:Fortho’nothingworthyofaPlaceinthisHistoryurredwithinthatPeriod,yetdidseveralIncidentshappen,ofequalImportancewiththosereportedbythedailyandweeklyHistoriansoftheAge,inreadingwhich,greatNumbersofPersonsconsumeaconsiderablePartoftheirTime,verylittle,Iamafraid,totheirEmolument.Now,intheConjectureshereproposed,someofthemostexcellentFacultiesoftheMindmaybeemployedtomuchAdvantage,sinceitisamoreusefulCapacitytobeabletoforetelltheActionsofMen,inanyCircumstance,fromtheirCharacters,thantojudgeoftheirCharactersfromtheirActions.Theformer,Iown,requiresthegreaterration;butmaybeplishedbytrueSagacity,withnolesscertaintythanthelatter. AswearesensiblethatmuchthegreatestPartofourReadersareveryeminentlypossessedofthisQuality,wehaveleftthemaSpaceoftwelve
4 Unit1 HenryFielding Yearstoexertitin;andshallnowbringforthourHeroe,ataboutfourteenYearsofAge,notquestioningthatmanyhavebeenlongimpatienttobeintroducedtohisAcquaintance. Chapterii.TheHeroeofthisgreatHistoryappearswithverybadOmens.AlittleTale,ofsoLOWaKind,thatsomemaythinkitnotworththeirNotice.AWordortwoconcerningaSquire,andmorerelatingtoaGame-keeper, andaSchool-master.AswedeterminedwhenwefirstsatdowntowritethisHistory,toflatternoMan,buttoguideourPenthroughoutbytheDirectionsofTruth,weareobligedtobringourHeroeontheStageinamuchmoredisadvantageousMannerthanwecouldwish;andtodeclarehonestly,evenathisfirstAppearance,thatitwastheuniversalOpinionofallMr.Allworthy’sFamily,thathewascertainlyborntobehanged.Indeed,Iamsorrytosay,therewastoomuchReasonforthisConjecture.TheLadhaving,fromhisearliestYears,discoveredaPropensitytomanyVices,andespeciallytoone,whichhathasdirectaTendencyasanyothertothatFate,whichwehavejustnowobservedtohavebeenpropheticallydenouncedagainsthim.HehadbeenalreadyconvictedofthreeRobberies,viz.ofrobbinganOrchard,ofstealingaDuckoutofaFarmer’sYard,andofpickingMasterBlifil’sPocketofaBall.TheVicesofthisyoungManwere,moreover,heightened,bythedisadvantageousLightinwhichtheyappeared,whenopposedtotheVirtuesofMasterBlifil,hisCompanion;AYouthofsodifferentaCastfromlittleJones,thatnotonlytheFamily,butalltheNeighbourhood,resoundedhisPraises.Hewas,indeed,aLadofaremarkableDisposition;sober,discreet,andpious,beyondhisAge;QualitieswhichgainedhimtheLoveofeveryonewhoknewhim,whileTomJoneswasuniversallydisliked;andmanyexpressedtheirWonder,thatMr.AllworthywouldsuffersuchaLadtobeeducatedwithhisNephew,lesttheMoralsofthe
5 英美小说选读 lattershouldbecorruptedbyhisExample.AnIncidentwhichhappenedaboutthisTime,willsettheCharacters ofthesetwoLadsmorefairlybeforethediscerningReader,thanisinthePowerofthelongestDissertation. TomJones,who,badasheis,mustservefortheHeroeofthisHistory,hadonlyoneFriendamongalltheServantsoftheFamily;for,astoMrs.Wilkins3,shehadlongsincegivenhimup,andwasperfectlyreconciledtoherMistress.ThisFriendwastheGame-keeper,aFellowofaloosekindofDisposition,andwhowasthoughtnottoentertainmuchstricterNotionsconcerningtheDifferenceofmeumandtuum4,thantheyoungGentlemanhimself.Andhence,thisFriendshipgaveasiontomanysarcasticalRemarksamongtheDomestics,mostofwhichwereeitherProverbsbefore,or,atleast,areesonow;and,indeed,theWitofthemallmayprisedinthatshortLatinproverb,“Nosciturasocio”;which,Ithink,isthusexpressedinEnglish,“Youmayknowhimbypanyhekeeps.” TosaytheTruth,someofthatatrociousWickednessinJones,ofwhichwehavejustmentionedthreeExamples,might,perhaps,bederivedfromtheEncouragementhehadreceivedfromthisFellow,who,intwoorthreeInstances,hadbeenwhattheLawcallsanessoryaftertheFact5.ForthewholeDuck,andgreatPartoftheApples,wereconvertedtotheUseoftheGame-keeperandhisFamily.Tho’,asJonesalonewasdiscovered,thepoorLadborenotonlythewholeSmart,butthewholeBlame;bothwhichfellagaintohisLot,onthefollowingasion. ContiguoustoMr.Allworthy’sEstate,wastheManorofoneofthoseGentlemen,whoarecalledPreserversoftheGame.ThisSpeciesofMen,fromthegreatSeveritywithwhichtheyrevengetheDeathofaHare,oraPartridge,mightbethoughttocultivatethesameSuperstitionwiththeBanniansinIndia6;manyofwhom,wearetold,dedicatetheirwholeLivestothePreservationandProtectionofcertainAnimals,wasitnotthatourEnglishBannians,whiletheypreservethemfromotherEnemies,willmostunmercifullyslaughterwholeHorse-loadsthemselves,sothattheystand
6 Unit1 HenryFielding clearlyacquittedofanysuchheathenishSuperstition.Ihave,indeed,amuchbetterOpinionofthisKindofMenthanis entertainedbysome,asItakethemtoanswertheOrderofNature,andthegoodPurposesforwhichtheywereordained,inamoreampleMannerthanmanyothers.Now,asHoracetellsus,thatthereareaSetofhumanBeings, Frugesconsumerenati.“BorntoconsumetheFruitsoftheEarth.”So,ImakenomannerofDoubtbutthatthereareothers, Ferasconsumerenati.“BorntoconsumetheBeastsoftheField,”or,asitmonlycalled,theGame;andnone,Ibelieve,willdeny,butthatthoseSquiresfulfilthisEndoftheirCreation. LittleJoneswentoneDayashooting7withtheGame-keeper;when,happeningtospringaCoveyofPartridges,neartheBorderofthatManoroverwhichFortune,tofulfilthewisePurposesofNature,hadplantedoneoftheGame-Consumers,theBirdsflewintoit,andweremarked(asitiscalled)bythetwoSportsmen,insomeFurzeBushes,abouttwoorthreehundredPacesbeyondMr.Allworthy’sDominions. Mr.AllworthyhadgiventheFellowstrictOrders,onPainofforfeitinghisPlace8,nevertotrespassonanyofhisNeighbours;nomoreonthosewhowerelessrigidinthisMatter,thanontheLordofthisManor.Withregardtoothers,indeed,theseOrdershadnotbeenalwaysveryscrupulouslykept;butastheDispositionoftheGentlemanwithwhomthePartridgeshadtakenSanctuary,waswellknown,theGame-keeperhadneveryetattemptedtoinvadehisTerritories.Norhadhedoneitnow,hadnottheyoungerSportsman,whowasexcessivelyeagertopursuetheflyingGame,over-persuadedhim;butJonesbeingveryimportunate,theother,whowashimselfkeenenoughaftertheSport,yieldedtohisPersuasions,enteredtheManor,andshotoneofthePartridges. TheGentlemanhimselfwasatthatTimeonHorseback,atalittleDistancefromthem;andhearingtheGungooff,heimmediatelymade
7 英美小说选读 towardsthePlace,anddiscoveredpoorTom:FortheGame-keeperhadleaptintothethickestPartoftheFurze-Brake,wherehehadhappilyconcealedhimself. TheGentlemanhavingsearchedtheLad,andfoundthePartridgeuponhim,denouncedgreatVengeance,swearinghewouldacquaintMr.Allworthy.HewasasgoodashisWord;forherodeimmediatelytohisHouse,plainedoftheTrespassonhisManor,inashighTerms,andasbitterLanguage,asifhisHousehadbeenbrokenopen,andthemostvaluableFurniturestolenoutofit.Headded,thatsomeotherPersonwasinhisCompany,tho’hecouldnotdiscoverhim:ForthattwoGunshadbeendischargedalmostinthesameInstant.And,sayshe,“wehavefoundonlythisPartridge,buttheLordknowswhatMischieftheyhavedone.” AthisReturnhomeTomwaspresentlyconvenedbeforeMr.Allworthy.HeownedtheFact,andallegednootherExcusebutwhatwasreallytrue,viz.thattheCoveywasoriginallysprunginMr.Allworthy’sownManor. Tomwastheninterrogatedwhowaswithhim,whichMr.Allworthydeclaredhewasresolvedtoknow,acquaintingtheCulpritwiththeCircumstanceofthetwoGuns,whichhadbeendeposedbytheSquireandbothhisServants;butTomstoutlypersistedinassertingthathewasalone;yet,tosaytheTruth,hehesitatedalittleatfirst,whichwouldhaveconfirmedMr.Allworthy’sBelief,hadwhattheSquireandhisServantssaid,wantedanyfurtherConfirmation. TheGame-keeperbeingasuspectedPerson,wasnowsentfor,andtheQuestionputtohim;buthe,relyingonthePromisewhichTomhadmadehim,totakealluponhimself,veryresolutelydeniedbeinginCompanywiththeyoungGentleman,orindeedhavingseenhimthewholeAfternoon. Mr.AllworthythenturnedtowardsTom,withmorethanusualAngerinhisCountenance,andadvisedhimtoconfesswhowaswithhim;
8 Unit1 HenryFielding repeating,thathewasresolvedtoknow.TheLad,however,stillmaintainedhisResolution,andwasdismissedwithmuchWrathbyMr.Allworthy,whotoldhim,heshouldhavetothenextMorningtoconsiderofit,whenheshouldbequestionedbyanotherPerson,andinanotherManner. PoorJonesspentaverymelancholyNight,andthemoreso,ashewaswithouthisusualCompanion:forMasterBlifilwasgoneabroadonaVisitwithhisMother.FearofthePunishmenthewastosufferwasonthisasionhisleastEvil;hischiefAnxietybeing,lesthisConstancyshouldfailhim,andheshouldbebroughttobetraytheGame-keeper,whoseRuinheknewmustnowbetheConsequence. NordidtheGame-keeperpasshisTimemuchbetter.HehadthesameApprehensionswiththeYouth;forwhoseHonourhehadlikewiseamuchtendererRegardthanforhisSkin9. Inthemorning,whenTomattendedtheReverendMr.Thwackum10,thePersontowhomMr.AllworthymittedtheInstructionofthetwoBoys,hehadthesameQuestionsputtohimbythatGentleman,whichhehadbeenaskedtheEveningbefore,towhichhereturnedthesameAnswers.TheConsequenceofthiswas,sosevereaWhipping,thatitpossiblyfelllittleshortoftheTorturewithwhichConfessionsareinsomeCountriesextortedfromCriminals. TomborehisPunishmentwithgreatResolution;andtho’hisMasteraskedhim,betweeneveryStroke,whetherhewouldnotconfess,hewascontentedtobeflead11ratherthanbetrayhisFriend,orbreakthePromisehehadmade. TheGame-keeperwasnowrelievedfromhisAnxiety,andMr.AllworthyhimselfbegantobeconcernedatTom’ssufferings:For,besidesthatMr.Thwackum,beinghighlyenragedthathewasnotabletomaketheBoysaywhathehimselfpleased,hadcarriedhisSeveritymuchbeyondthegoodMan’sIntention,thislatterbegannowtosuspectthattheSquirehadbeenmistaken;whichhisextremeEagernessandAngerseemedtomakeprobable;andasforwhatthe
9 英美小说选读 ServantshadsaidinConfirmationoftheirMaster’sount,helaidnogreatStressuponthat.Now,asCrueltyandInjusticeweretwoIdeas,ofwhichMr.AllworthycouldbynoMeanssupporttheConsciousnessasingleMoment,hesentforTom,andaftermanykindandfriendlyExhortations,said,“Iamconvinced,mydearChild,thatmySuspicionshavewrongedyou;Iamsorrythatyouhavebeensoseverelypunishedonthisount.”AndatlastgavehimalittleHorsetomakehimamends;againrepeatinghisSorrowforwhathadpast. Tom’sGuiltnowflewinhisFacemorethananySeveritycouldmakeit.HecouldmoreeasilybeartheLashesofThwackum,thantheGenerosityofAllworthy.TheTearsburstfromhisEyes,andhefelluponhisKnees,crying,“Oh!
Sir,youaretoogoodtome.Indeedyouare.Indeed,Idon’tdeserveit.”AndatthatveryInstant,fromtheFullnessofhisHeart,hadalmostbetrayedtheSecret;butthegoodGeniusoftheGame-keeper12suggestedtohimwhatmightbetheConsequencetothepoorFellow,andthisConsiderationsealedhisLips. ThwackumdidallhecouldtodissuadeAllworthyfromshowinganyCompassionorKindnesstotheBoy,saying,“Hehadpersistedinanuntruth;”andgavesomeHints,thatasecondWhippingmightprobablybringtheMattertoLight. ButMr.AllworthyabsolutelyrefusedtoconsenttotheExperiment.Hesaid,theBoyhadsufferedenoughalready,forconcealingtheTruth,evenifhewasguilty,seeingthathecouldhavenoMotivebutamistakenPointofHonourforsodoing. “Honour!
”cry’dThwackum,withsomeWarmth,“mereStubbornnessandObstinacy!
CanHonourteachanyonetotellaLie,orcananyHonourexistindependentofReligion?
” ThisDiscoursehappenedatTablewhenDinnerwasjustended;andtherewerepresentMr.Allworthy,Mr.Thwackum,andathirdGentlemanwhonowenteredintotheDebate,andwhom,beforeweproceedanyfarther,weshallbrieflyintroducetoourReader’sAcquaintance. 10 Unit1 HenryFielding Chapteriii.TheCharacterofMr.Square13thePhilosopher,andofMr.Thwackum theDivine;withaDisputeconcerning—TheNameofthisGentleman,whohadthenresidedsometimeatMr.Allworthy’sHouse,wasMr.Square.HisnaturalPartswerenotofthefirstRate,buthehadgreatlyimprovedthembyalearnedEducation.HewasdeeplyreadintheAncients,andaprofestMasterofalltheWorksofPlatoandAristotle.UponwhichgreatModelshehadprincipallyform’dhimself,sometimesordingwiththeOpinionoftheone,andsometimeswiththatoftheother.InMoralshewasaprofestPlatonist,andinReligionheinclinedtobeanAristotelian.Buttho’hehad,aswehavesaid,formedhisMoralsonthePlatonicModel,yetheperfectlyagreedwiththeOpinionofAristotle,inconsideringthatgreatManratherintheQualityofaPhilosopheroraSpecialist,thanasaLegislator.ThisSentimenthecarriedagreatway;indeed,sofar,astoregardallVirtueasMatterofTheoryonly.This,itistrue,heneveraffirmed,asIhaveheard,toanyone;andyetupontheleastAttentiontohisConduct,Icannothelpthinking,itwashisrealOpinion,asitwillperfectlyreconcilesomeContradictions,whichmightotherwiseappearinhisCharacter.ThisGentlemanandMr.ThwackumscarceevermetwithoutaDisputation;fortheirswereindeeddiametricallyoppositetoeachother.SquareheldhumanNaturetobethePerfectionofallVirtue,andthatVicewasaDeviationfromourNature,inthesameMannerasDeformityofBodyis.Thwackum,onthecontrary,maintainedthatthehumanMind,sincetheFall,wasnothingbutaSinkofIniquity,tillpurifiedandredeemedbyGrace.InonePointonlytheyagreed,whichwas,inalltheirDiscoursesonMoralitynevertomentiontheWordGoodness.ThefavouritePhraseoftheformer,wasthenaturalBeautyofVirtue;thatofthelatter,wasthedivinePowerofGrace.TheformermeasuredallActionsbytheunalterableRuleofRight,andtheeternalFitnessofThings;thelatter 11 英美小说选读 decidedallMattersbyAuthority;butindoingthis,healwaysusedtheScripturesandtheirCommentators,astheLawyerdothhisCokeuponLyttleton14,wheretheCommentisofequalAuthoritywiththeText. AfterthisshortIntroduction,theReaderwillbepleasedtoremember,thattheParsonhadconcludedhisSpeechwithatriumphantQuestion,towhichhehadapprehendednoAnswer;viz.CananyHonourexistindependentofReligion?
TothisSquareanswered,thatitwasimpossibletodiscoursephilosophicallyconcerningWords,tilltheirMeaningwasfirstestablished;thattherewerescarceanytwoWordsofamorevagueanduncertainSignification,thanthetwohehadmentioned:ForthattherewerealmostasmanydifferentOpinionsconcerningHonour,asconcerningReligion.“But,”sayshe,“ifbyHonouryoumeanthetruenaturalBeautyofVirtue,IwillmaintainitmayexistindependentofanyReligionwhatever.Nay,”(addedhe)“youyourselfwillallowitmayexistindependentofallbutone:SowillaMahometan,aJew,andalltheMaintainersofallthedifferentSectsintheWorld.” Thwackumreplied,ThiswasarguingwiththeusualMaliceofalltheEnemiestothetrueChurch.Hesaid,hedoubtednotbutthatalltheInfidelsandHereticsintheWorldwould,iftheycould,confineHonourtotheirownabsurdErrors,anddamnableDeceptions;“ButHonour,”sayshe,“isnotthereforemanifold,becausetherearemanyabsurdOpinionsaboutit;norisReligionmanifold,becausetherearevariousSectsandHeresiesintheWorld.WhenImentionReligion,ImeantheChristianReligion;andnotonlytheChristianReligion,buttheProtestantReligion;andnotonlytheProtestantReligion,buttheChurchofEngland.AndwhenImentionHonour,ImeanthatModeofdivineGracewhichisnotonlyconsistentwith,butdependentupon,thisReligion;andisconsistentwith,anddependentupon,noother.NowtosaythattheHonourIheremean,andwhichwas,Ithought,alltheHonourIcouldbesupposedtomean,willuphold,muchlessdictate,anUntruth,istoassertanAbsurditytoo 12 Unit1 HenryFielding shockingtobeconceived.”“Ipurposelyavoided,”saysSquare,“drawingaConclusionwhich IthoughtevidentfromwhatIhavesaid;butifyouperceivedit,Iamsureyouhavenotattemptedtoanswerit.However,todroptheArticleofReligion,Ithinkitisplain,fromwhatyouhavesaid,thatwehavedifferentIdeasofHonour;orwhydowenotagreeinthesameTermsofitsExplanation?
Ihaveasserted,thattrueHonourandtrueVirtuearealmostsynonymousTerms,andtheyarebothfoundedontheunalterableRuleofRight,andtheeternalFitnessofThings;towhichanUntruthbeingabsolutelyrepugnantandcontrary,itiscertainthattrueHonourcannotsupportanUntruth.Inthis,therefore,Ithinkweareagreed;butthatthisHonourcanbesaidtobefoundedonReligion,towhichitisantecedent,ifbyReligionbemeantanypositiveLaw—” “Iagree,”answeredThwackum,withgreatWarmth,“withaManwhoassertsHonourtobeantecedenttoReligion!
Mr.Allworthy,didIagree—?
” Hewasproceeding,whenMr.Allworthyinterposed,tellingthemverycoldly,theyhadbothmistakenhisMeaning;forthathehadsaidnothingoftrueHonour.—Itispossible,however,hewouldnothaveeasilyquietedtheDisputants,whoweregrowingequallywarm,hadnotanotherMatternowfallenout,whichputafinalEndtotheConversationatpresent. Chapteriv.ContaininganecessaryApologyfortheAuthor;andachildish Incident,whichperhapsrequiresanApologylikewiseBeforeIproceedfarther,IshallbegLeavetoobviatesomeMisconstructions,intowhichtheZealofsomefewReadersmayleadthem;forIwouldnotwillinglygiveOffencetoany,especiallytoMenwhoarewarmintheCauseofVirtueorReligion.Ihope,therefore,noManwill,bythegrossestMisunderstanding,orPerversion,ofmyMeaning,misrepresentme,asendeavouringtocast 13 英美小说选读 anyRidiculeonthegreatestPerfectionsofHumanNature;andwhichdo,indeed,alonepurifyandenobletheHeartofMan,andraisehimabovetheBruteCreation.This,Reader,Iwillventuretosay,(andbyhowmuchthebetterManyouareyourself,bysomuchthemorewillyoubeinclinedtobelieveme)thatIwouldratherhaveburiedtheSentimentsofthesetwoPersonsineternalOblivion,thanhavedoneanyInjurytoeitherofthesegloriousCauses. Onthecontrary,itiswithaViewtotheirServicethatIhavetakenuponmetorecordtheLivesandActionsoftwooftheirfalseandpretendedChampions.AtreacherousFriendisthemostdangerousEnemy;andIwillsayboldly,thatbothReligionandVirtuehavereceivedmorerealDiscreditfromHypocrites,thanthewittiestProfligatesorInfidelscouldevercastuponthem:Nayfarther,asthesetwo,intheirPurity,arerightlycalledtheBandsofcivilSociety,andareindeedthegreatestofBlessings;sowhenpoisonedandcorruptedwithFraud,Pretence,andAffectation,theyhaveetheworstofcivilCurses,andhaveenabledMentoperpetratethemostcruelMischiefstotheirownSpecies. Indeed,IdoubtnotbutthisRidiculewillingeneralbeallowed;mychiefApprehensionis,asmanytrueandjustSentimentsoftencamefromtheMouthsofthesePersons,lestthewholeshouldbetakentogether,andIshouldbeconceivedtoridiculeallalike.NowtheReaderwillbepleasedtoconsider,thatasneitheroftheseMenwereFools,theycouldnotbesupposedtohaveholdennonebutwrongPrinciples,andtohaveutterednothingbutAbsurdities;whatInjustice,therefore,mustIhavedonetotheirCharacters,hadIselectedonlywhatwasbad,AndhowhorriblywretchedandmaimedmusttheirArgumentshaveappeared!
Uponthewhole,itisnotReligionorVirtue,buttheWantofthemwhichishereexposed.HadnotThwackumtoomuchneglectedVirtue,andSquare,Religion,intheCompositionoftheirseveralSystems;andhadnotbothutterlydiscardedallnaturalGoodnessofHeart,theyhadneverbeenrepresentedastheObjectsofDerisioninthisHistory;inwhichwewillnow 14 Unit1 HenryFielding proceed.ThisMatterthen,whichputanEndtotheDebatementionedinthelastChapter,wasnootherthanaQuarrelbetweenMasterBlifilandTomJones,theConsequenceofwhichhadbeenabloodyNosetotheformer;fortho’MasterBlifil,notwithstandinghewastheyounger,wasinSizeabovetheother’sMatch,yetTomwasmuchhisSuperioratthenobleArtofBoxing. Tom,however,cautiouslyavoidedallEngagementswiththatYouth:ForbesidesthatTommyJoneswasaninoffensiveLadamidstallhisRoguery,andreallylovedBlifil,Mr.ThwackumbeingalwaystheSecondofthelatter15,wouldhavebeensufficienttodeterhim. ButwellsaysacertainAuthor,NoManiswiseatallHours;itisthereforenoWonderthataBoyisnotso.ADifferencearisingatPlaybetweenthetwoLads,MasterBlifilcalledTomabeggarlybastard.Uponwhichthelatter,whowassomewhatpassionateinhisDisposition,immediatelycausedthatPhenomenonintheFaceoftheFormerwhichwehaveaboveremembered. MasterBlifilnow,withhisBloodrunningfromhisNose,andtheTearsgallopingafterfromhisEyes,appearedbeforehisUncle,andthetremendousThwackum.InwhichCourtanindictmentofAssault,Battery,andWounding,wasinstantlypreferred16againstTom;whoinhisExcuseonlypleadedtheProvocation,whichwasindeedalltheMatterthatMasterBlifilhadomitted17. Itisindeedpossible,thatthisCircumstancemighthaveescapedhisMemory;for,inhisReply,hepositivelyinsisted,thathehadmadeUseofnosuchAppellation;adding,‘HeavenforbidsuchnaughtyWordsshouldeoutofhisMouth.’ Tom,tho’againstallFormofLaw,rejoinedinAffirmanceoftheWords.UponwhichMasterBlifilsaid,“ItisnoWonder.ThosewhowilltelloneFib,willhardlystickatanother18.IfIhadtoldmyMastersuchawickedFibasyouhavedone,IshouldbeashamedtoshowmyFace.” “WhatFib,Child?
”criedThwackumprettyeagerly.“Why,hetoldyouthatNobodywaswithhimashootingwhenhe 15 英美小说选读 killedthePartridge;butheknows,”(hereheburstintoaFloodofTears)“yes,heknows;forheconfessedittome,thatBlackethegame-keeperwasthere.Nay,hesaid,—Yesyoudid,—denyitifyoucan,ThatyouwouldnothaveconfessedtheTruth,tho’MasterhadcutyoutoPieces.” AtthistheFireflashedfromThwackum’sEyes;andhecriedoutinTriumph:“Ohho!
ThisisyourmistakenNotionofHonour!
ThisistheBoywhowasnottobewhippedagain!
”ButMr.Allworthy,withamoregentleAspect,turnedtowardstheLad,andsaid,“Isthistrue,Child?
HowcameyoutopersistsoobstinatelyinaFalsehood?
” Tomsaid,“HescornedaLieasmuchasanyone;buthethoughthisHonourengagedhimtoactashedid;forhehadpromisedthepoorFellowtoconcealhim;which,”hesaid,“hethoughthimselffartherobligedto,astheGame-keeperhadbeggedhimnottogointotheGentleman’sManorandhadatlastgonehimselfinCompliancewithhisPersuasions.”Hesaid,“thiswasthewholeTruthoftheMatter,andhewouldtakehisOathofit”;andconcludedwithverypassionatelybeggingMr.Allworthy“tohaveCompassiononthepoorFellow’sFamily,especiallyashehimselfonlyhadbeenguilty,andtheotherhadbeenverydifficultlyprevailedontodowhathedid.Indeed,Sir,”saidhe,“itcouldhardlybecalledaLiethatItold;forthepoorFellowwasentirelyinnocentofthewholeMatter.IshouldhavegonealoneaftertheBirds;nay,Ididgoatfirst,andheonlyfollowedmetopreventmoreMischief.Do,praySir,letmebepunished;takemylittleHorseawayagain;butpraySir,ivepoore.” Mr.AllworthyhesitatedafewMoments,andthendismissedtheBoys,advisingthemtolivemorefriendlyandpeaceablytogether. Chapterv.TheOpinionsoftheDivineandthePhilosopherconcerningthetwo Boys;withsomeReasonsfortheirOpinions,andotherMattersItisprobable,thatbydisclosingthisSecret,whichhadmunicatedintheutmostConfidencetohim,youngBlifilpreserved 16 Unit1 HenryFielding hisCompanionfromagoodLashing:FortheOffenceofthebloodyNosewouldhavebeenofitselfsufficientCauseforThwackumtohaveproceededtoCorrection19;butnowthiswastotallyabsorbed,intheConsiderationoftheotherMatter;andwithRegardtothis,Mr.Allworthydeclaredprivately,hethoughttheBoydeservedRewardratherthanPunishment;sothatThwackum’sHandwaswithheldbyageneralPardon. Thwackum,whoseMeditationswerefullofBirch,20exclaimedagainstthisweak,and,ashesaidhewouldventuretocallit,wickedLenity.ToremitthePunishmentofsuchCrimeswas,hesaid,toencouragethem.HeenlargedmuchontheCorrectionofChildren,andquotedmanyTextsfromSolomon21,andothers;whichbeingtobefoundinsomanyotherBooks,shallnotbefoundhere.HethenappliedhimselftotheViceofLying,onwhichHead22hewasaltogetheraslearnedashehadbeenontheother. Squaresaid,hehadbeenendeavouringtoreconciletheBehaviourofTomwithhisideaofperfectVirtue,butcouldnot.HeownedtherewassomethingwhichatfirstSightappearedlikeFortitudeintheAction;butasFortitudewasaVirtue,andFalsehoodaVice,theycouldbynomeansagreeorunitetogether.Headded,thatasthiswasinsomemeasuretoconfoundVirtueandVice,itmightbeworthMr.Thwackum’sConsideration,whetheralargerCastigationmightnotbelaidon,upontheount. AsboththeselearnedMenconcurredincensuringJones,soweretheynolessunanimousinapplaudingMasterBlifil.TobringTruthtolight,wasbytheParsonassertedtobetheDutyofeveryreligiousMan;andbythePhilosopherthiswasdeclaredtobehighlyconformablewiththeRuleofRight,andtheeternalandunalterableFitnessofThings. Allthis,however,weighedverylittlewithMr.Allworthy.HecouldnotbeprevailedontosigntheWarrantfortheExecutionofJones.23TherewassomethingwithinhisownBreastwithwhichtheinvincibleFidelitywhichthatYouthhadpreserved,correspondedmuchbetterthanithaddone 17 英美小说选读 withtheReligionofThwackum,orwiththeVirtueofSquare.HethereforestrictlyorderedtheformeroftheseGentlementoabstainfromlayingviolentHandsonTomforwhathadpast.ThePedagoguewasobligedtoobeythoseOrders,butnotwithoutgreatReluctance,andfrequentMutterings,thattheBoywouldbecertainlyspoiled. TowardstheGame-keeperthegoodManbehavedwithmoreSeverity.HepresentlysummonedthatpoorFellowbeforehim,andaftermanybitterRemonstrances,paidhimhisWages,anddismisthimfromhisService;forMr.Allworthyrightlyobserved,thattherewasagreatDifferencebetweenbeingguiltyofaFalsehoodtoexcuseyourself,andtoexcuseanother24.Helikewiseurged,astheprincipalMotivetohisinflexibleSeverityagainstthisMan,thathehadbaselysufferedTomJonestoundergosoheavyaPunishmentforhisSake,whereasheoughttohavepreventeditbymakingtheDiscoveryhimself. WhenthisStorybecamepublic,manyPeopledifferedfromSquareandThwackum,injudgingtheConductofthetwoLadsontheasion.MasterBlifilwasgenerallycalledasneakingRascal,apoor-spiritedWretch,withotherEpithetsofthelikeKind;whilstTomwashonouredwiththeAppellationsofabraveLad,ajollyDog,25andanhonestFellow.Indeed,hisBehaviourtoBlackemuchingratiatedhimwithalltheServants;fortho’thatFellowwasbeforeuniversallydisliked,yethewasnosoonerturnedawaythanhewasasuniversallypitied;andtheFriendshipandGallantryofTomJoneswascelebratedbythemallwiththehighestApplause;andtheycondemnedMasterBlifil,asopenlyastheydurst,withoutincurringtheDangerofoffendinghisMother.Forallthis,however,poorTomsmartedintheFlesh;fortho’ThwackumhadbeeninhibitedtoexercisehisArmontheforegoingount,yet,astheProverbsays,ItiseasytofindaStick,&c.26SowasiteasytofindaRod;and,indeed,thenotbeingabletofindonewastheonlythingwhichcouldhavekeptThwackumanylongTimefromchastisingpoorJones. HadthebareDelightintheSportbeentheonlyInducementto 18 Unit1 HenryFielding thePedagogue,itisprobable,MasterBlifilwouldlikewisehavehadhisShare;buttho’Mr.AllworthyhadgivenhimfrequentOrderstomakenoDifferencebetweentheLads,yetwasThwackumaltogetheraskindandgentletothisYouth,ashewasharsh,nayevenbarbarous,totheother.TosaytheTruth,BlifilhadgreatlygainedhisMaster’sAffections;partlybytheprofoundRespecthealwaysshowedhisPerson,butmuchmorebythedecentReverencewithwhichhereceivedhisDoctrine;forhehadgotbyHeart,andfrequentlyrepeatedhisPhrases,andmaintainedallhisMaster’sreligiousPrincipleswithaZealwhichwassurprisinginonesoyoung,andwhichgreatlyendearedhimtotheworthyPreceptor. TomJones,ontheotherhand,wasnotonlydeficientinoutwardTokensofRespect,oftenettingtopulloffhisHat,ortobowathisMaster’sApproach;butwasaltogetherasunmindfulbothofhisMaster’sPreceptsandExample.Hewasindeedathoughtless,giddyYouth,withlittleSobrietyinhisManners,andlessinhisCountenance;andwouldoftenveryimpudentlyandindecentlylaughathisCompanionforhisseriousBehaviour. Mr.SquarehadthesameReasonforhisPreferenceoftheformerLad;forTomJonesshowednomoreRegardtothelearnedDiscourseswhichthisGentlemanwouldsometimesthrowawayuponhim,thantothoseofThwackum.HeonceventuredtomakeaJestoftheRuleofRight;andatanotherTimesaid,HebelievedtherewasnoRuleintheWorldCapableofmakingsuchaManashisFather(forsoMr.Allworthysufferedhimselftobecalled.) MasterBlifil,onthecontrary,hadAddressenoughatsixteentomendhimselfatoneandthesameTimetoboththeseOpposites.WithonehewasallReligion,withtheotherhewasallVirtue.Andwhenbothwerepresent,hewasprofoundlysilent,whichbothinterpretedinhisFavourandintheirown.27 NorwasBlifilcontentedwithflatteringboththeseGentlementotheirFaces;hetookfrequentasionsofpraisingthembehindtheir 19 英美小说选读 BackstoAllworthy;beforewhom,whentheytwowerealone,andhismendedanyreligiousorvirtuousSentiment(formanysuchcameconstantlyfromhim)heseldomfailedtoascribeittothegoodInstructionshehadreceivedfromeitherThwackumorSquare:ForheknewhisUnclerepeatedallsuchComplimentstothePersonsforwhoseUsetheyweremeant;andhefoundbyExperiencethegreatImpressionswhichtheymadeonthePhilosopher,aswellasontheDivine:For,tosaytheTruth,thereisnokindofFlatterysoirresistibleasthis,atsecondHand28. TheyoungGentleman,moreover,soonperceivedhowextremelygratefulallthosePanegyricsonhisInstructorsweretoMr.Allworthyhimself,astheysoloudlyresoundedthePraiseofthatsingularPlanofEducationwhichhehadlaiddown:ForthisworthyManhavingobservedtheimperfectInstitutionofourpublicSchools,andthemanyViceswhichBoyswerethereliabletolearn,hadresolvedtoeducatehisNephew,aswellastheotherLad,whomhehadinaManneradopted,inhisownHouse;wherehethoughttheirMoralswouldescapeallthatDangerofbeingcorrupted,towhichtheywouldbeunavoidablyexposedinanypublicSchoolorUniversity. HavingthereforedeterminedmittheseBoystotheTuitionofaprivateTutor,Mr.ThwackumwasmendedtohimforthatOffice,byaveryparticularFriend,ofwhoseUnderstandingMr.AllworthyhadagreatOpinion,andinwhoseIntegrityheplacedmuchConfidence.ThisThwackumwasFellowofaCollege,wherehealmostentirelyresided;andhadagreatReputationforLearning,Religion,andSobrietyofManners.AndtheseweredoubtlesstheQualificationsbywhichMr.Allworthy’sFriendhadbeeninducedtomendhim;tho’indeedthisFriendhadsomeObligationstoThwackum’sFamily,whowerethemostconsiderablePersonsinaBoroughwhichthatGentlemanrepresentedinParliament29. Thwackum,athisfirstArrival,wasextremelyagreeabletoAllworthy;andindeedheperfectlyansweredtheCharacterwhichhadbeen 20 Unit1 HenryFielding giventohim.UponlongerAcquaintance,however,andmoreintimateConversation,thisworthyMansawInfirmitiesintheTutor,whichhecouldhavewishedhimtohavebeenwithout;tho’asthoseseemedgreatlyover-balancedbyhisgoodQualities,theydidnotinclineMr.Allworthytopartwithhim;norwouldtheyindeedhavejustifiedsuchaProceeding:FortheReaderisgreatlymistaken,ifheconceivesthatThwackumappearedtoMr.AllworthyinthesameLightashedothtohiminthisHistory;andheisasmuchdeceived,ifheimagines,thatthemostintimateAcquaintancewhichhehimselfcouldhavehadwiththatDivine,wouldhaveinformedhimofthoseThingswhichwe,fromourInspiration,areenabledtoopenanddiscover.OfReaderswhofromsuchConceitsasthese,condemntheWisdomorrationofMr.Allworthy,Ishallnotscrupletosay,thattheymakeaverybadandungratefulUseofthatKnowledgewhichwemunicatedtothem. TheseapparentErrorsintheDoctrineofThwackum,servedgreatlytopalliatethecontraryErrorsinthatofSquare,whichourgoodMannolesssawandcondemned.HethoughtindeedthatthedifferentExuberanciesoftheseGentlemen,wouldcorrecttheirdifferentImperfections;andthatfromboth,especiallywithhisAssistance,thetwoLadswouldderivesufficientPreceptsoftrueReligionandVirtue.IftheEventhappenedcontrarytohisExpectations,thispossiblyproceededfromsomeFaultinthePlanitself;whichtheReaderhathmyLeavetodiscover,ifhecan:ForwedonotpretendtointroduceanyinfalliblecharactersintothisHistory;wherewehopenothingwillbefoundwhichhathneveryetbeenseeninhumanNature. Toreturntherefore;theReaderwillnot,Ithink,wonderthatthedifferentBehaviourofthetwoLadsmemorated,producedthedifferentEffects,ofwhichhehathalreadyseensomeInstance;andbesidesthis,therewasanotherReasonfortheConductofthePhilosopherandthePedagogue;butthisbeingMatterofgreatImportance,weshallrevealitinthenextChapter. 21 英美小说选读 注释/Notes 1此句中ReadersofthelowestClass意为“理解力低下的读者”，而upperGraduatesinCriticism意为“具备高超理解力的读者”。
2ourworthyMan:这里指Mr.Allworthy。
3Mrs.Wilkins:Mr.Allworthy的女管家4meumandtuum:拉丁文，“我的和你的”之意，常用来表示财产关系。
此处指Blacke也和Jones一样要偷东西。
5anessoryaftertheFact:事后从犯（从犯有事前、事后之分。
英 国法学家
W.Blackstone(1723-1780)给从犯下的定义是：“从犯不必亲身参与罪行……而只在所犯之案事前、事后与其事有关系。
”）6BanniansinIndia:古印度人中的一个群体，以商为业，衣服特殊，严遵禁食规章，绝不食肉，把有生命的动物视为神圣。
7wentoneDayashooting:wentshootingoneday8onPainofforfeitinghisPlace:违者解雇9forwhoseHonourhehadlikewiseamuchtendererRegardthanforhisSkin:他对那个小伙子的荣誉，比对他的皮肉更爱护。
暗指Blacke并不担心Tom受皮肉之苦，他更关心的是Tom会不守信义出卖他。
10Mr.Thwackum:Tom和Blifil的塾师。
他的名字本意是thwackthem，用棍子或板子猛击的意思。
他在小说中像他的名字一样，时时准备用暴力教训Tom。
11tobeflead:受鞭打。
flea:[古语]=flay。
12thegoodGeniusoftheGame-keeper:猎场看守人的守护神13Mr.Square:Tom和Blifil的另一位塾师。
他的名字本意是“方正”，因为他擅长诡辩，总能找到各种理由为自己辩护。
14CokeuponLyttleton:ThomasLyttleton(1422-1481)，英国法官及法学著作家，其著作《不动产产权论》为英国不动产法之权威；EdwardCoke(1552-1634)，英国法官及法学著作家，其著作《总汇集》的第一部分即为注释Lyttleton之作。
这句话的意思是说，Mr.Thwackum老引用《圣经》和《圣经》的注释，就像法学界对待Coke为 22 Unit1 HenryFielding Lyttleton所作的注释一样：注释和正文，有同样的权威。
15theSecondofthelatter:意思是Mr.Thwackum是Blifil的帮手。
16preferred:[古语]=putforward17whoinhisExcuseonlypleadedtheProvocation,whichwasindeedallthe MatterthatMasterBlifilhadomitted（:Tom）只说是Blifil先招惹他，他才动的手，以此作为辩护；而这个情况却是Blifil唯一略去不提的一点。
18willhardlystickatanother:很难对撒第二回谎有所顾忌19Correction:惩罚20whoseMeditationswerefullofBirch:他的思想里充满了桦木条。
意思是说他总想鞭笞Tom。
21Solomon:古以色列国王，以智慧著称22onwhichHead:在这一点上23HecouldnotbeprevailedontosigntheWarrantfortheExecutionofJones:他们不能说服他在惩罚Tom的令状上签字画押。
24aFalsehoodtoexcuseyourself,andtoexcuseanother:为开脱自己而说谎和为开脱别人而说谎25ajollyDog:同欢共乐的小酒友儿。
此处指Tom为人好，有酒德，无与人争吵之事。
26ItiseasytofindaStick,&c.:如果你要打狗，很容易找到棍子。
英国格言，意思是欲加之罪，何患无辞。
27Andwhenbothwerepresent,hewasprofoundlysilent,whichbothinterpretedinhisFavourandintheirown:如果他们两个都在跟前，他就绝对一声不吭，这样一来，他们两个就把静默往对他有利的那方面解释，也往对他们各自都有利的那方面解释。
28thereisnokindofFlatterysoirresistibleasthis,atsecondHand:奉承通过第二者之口说出来最受听。
29Thwackum’sFamily,whowerethemostconsiderablePersonsinaBoroughwhichthatGentlemanrepresentedinParliament:Thwackum的门庭，是一个选区市镇上最有名的望族，而那位朋友则是那个选区的议会代表。
23 英美小说选读 题解/AbouttheSelection 1749年菲尔丁发表了他最成熟的小说《弃儿汤姆·琼斯传》。
故事讲述了一个身世不明的年轻人Tom如何经历了千辛万苦，在追求真正爱情的旅途中寻到了富有的亲人、娶了集智慧与美貌于一身的理想女性Sophia，并成为当地最慷慨、仁慈和行为端正的乡绅。
像菲尔丁的其他作品一样，这部小说也以善与恶的斗争为主题，猛烈地抨击了虚伪和欺诈、荒淫与无耻，展现了社会各阶层的各式各样的人物，描绘了丰富多彩的生活画面。
在人物刻画上，小说描写了一大批生动的群类化人物，如：善良公正却没有主见和判断力的Allworthy先生，阴险贪婪、善于暗算人的Blifil少爷，有暴力倾向的Thwackum牧师，满口教条、善诡辩、偷情的哲学家Square，偷猎混生活、胆小自私的Blacke，还有淫荡的伦敦上层贵妇人Bellaston太太和对Sophia的美貌垂涎欲滴的Fellamar老爷等等。
这些人物都个性鲜明，特点突出。
另外，《弃儿汤姆·琼斯传》被誉为英国小说中结构最完美的作品之
一，是菲尔丁小说艺术日臻成熟的表现。
菲尔丁把自己的长篇叙事看作一种新文类即“散文体喜剧史诗”，并且试图探讨它对文学传统的继承和创新。
《弃儿汤姆·琼斯传》则模仿古典史诗分为18卷，并以主人公TomJones活动的地点——Allworthy先生的家宅（天堂府）、他离家后的漂泊旅途、伦敦——而将全书18卷分为整齐均等的三部分，它们不仅仅在情节发展上是划分自然明确的三大块，而且在善与恶斗争的主题和Tom成长过程方面又形成了完美的象征意义结构。
前6卷描绘了浓郁的英国乡间风情，充满了正义仁爱和安居乐业的画面；中间6卷描写了Tom和Sophia去往伦敦的旅途，其中Tom经不住诱惑，道德经历了堕落的过程；最后6卷以伦敦为背景，在菲尔丁和其他同时代的很多作家眼中，城市代表的是邪恶之源，Tom和Sophia在这里都经历了道德的锤炼。
最后这一对年轻人离开了邪恶的城市，再次回到世外乐园的乡间，幸福终老。
这种城乡对照，由乡村流落到城市再返家园的结构，给人以失乐园、复乐园的感觉。
值得一提的是，小说18卷每卷首章都是一篇散文，这些卷前首章涉及菲尔丁对创作、小说和小说家的看法，以及对读者的提醒和说教。
这 24 Unit1 HenryFielding 种在小说里打断故事进程，作者现身说法、与读者直接见面的做法，今天的读者已经不习惯。
但18世纪英国小说尚未成形，正如菲尔丁所言，“新领域既然由我开创，规则也可以由我订立”。
各卷首章首先是菲尔丁对自己小说创作经验的总结。
他对小说的性质、内容、情节结构、人物刻画、对话诸方面都有自己的看法。
在菲尔丁之前只有关于作为叙事文学的史诗的理论，还没有关于小说的理论，这使得各卷首章在小说理论史上占有重要地位。
此外，小说叙述中还穿插进大量作者的议论，这些议论都是文笔优美的散文，有时自然流畅得像简单的对话，有时充满了夸张怪诞的讽刺，社会各界的各种陋习都受到他的嘲讽，而嘲讽的程度从诙谐幽默到尖酸刻薄，无一不精彩，使人读来兴趣盎然。
选文为小说第三卷的前五章。
首章中，作者解释了小说创作时作者应选择重点事件,不应事无巨细，平铺直叙，所以对小说中十二年的光景略去不谈，这是理论付诸实践的当场兑现；其他章节从Tom与Blacke偷猎松鸡的琐事写起，Tom被Western发现，Blacke侥幸逃脱。
面对Thwackum的严刑拷问，一方面是Tom对自己受罚毫不担心，一心仗义维护Blacke；另一方面是Blacke对Tom受的鞭笞毫不在意，关心的只是自己会否被出卖；Square先生和Thwackum先生满嘴美德宗教，实则假仁假义，代表的恰恰是不道德和反宗教；Allworthy先生善良仁爱，Tom野性难驯、毫无心计，Blifil少爷狡猾卑鄙、攻于心计的为人都在这部分得到了生动的展现。
总体上来说，所有的人物都受到了嘲笑。
但菲尔丁要的是嘲笑不是憎恶。
他揶揄丑恶，希望在一笑之中起到改善道德的作用。
他对人性有着深刻的理解，所以他对一切既讪笑，也谅解，因为他觉得“十全十美的好人只存在于墓碑上的铭文里”。
思考题/QuestionsforThinking
1.WhenFieldingadvancedhistheoryof“ComicEpicinProse,”hewishedtodifferentiatehisworksfrom“thosevoluminousworks,monlycalledromances.”WhatdoyouthinkisthetremendousdifferencebetweenromancesandFielding’sworks?
And,arethereanysimilarities?
25 英美小说选读
2.Observetheomniscientnarratorwhosedivinityprovesconstantlybetrayedbyhishumanverisimilitudeandgivements.
3.HowdoyouunderstandtheclaimthatonethemeofTomJonesistomakegoodmanworldlywise?

4.HowdothestructuralfeaturesofTomJonessupportitstheme?
文学知识LiteraryKnowledge 理论与批评/TheoryandCriticism Fielding’sDefinitionofWisdom:SomeFunctionsofAmbiguityandEmbleminTomJones MartinC.BattestinTomJones,inasense,isanexerciseinthefictivedefinitionofVirtue,ormoralWisdom—justasFielding’searliernovels,JosephAndrewsandJonathanWild,mayberegardedasattemptstorepresentthroughwordandactionthetruemeaningofsuchconceptsasCharity,Chastity,andGreatness.Toachievethispurpose,Fieldingemploysmanydevices—characterization,forone,bywhichcertainfiguresinthenovele“WalkingConcepts,”asSheldonSackshasobserved,actingoutthemeaningofvariousvirtuesandvices.Atpresent,however,Iamconcernedwithonlytwoofthesetechniques:Fielding’sexploitationofverbalambiguity—thepoweroftheword,asitwere,todefinethemoralvisionorblindnessofcharacterandreaderalike—andhisattempttodelineateemblematicallythemeaningoftrueWisdom.Theproblemforthecritic,fundamentally,istoascertainthenatureofthatWisdomwhichFielding, 26 Unit1 HenryFielding togetherwiththephilosophersanddivinesoftheChristianhumanisttradition,wishedtomend.ForthiswemayconvenientlyrecallCicero’sdistinctioninDeOfficiis(I.xliii)betweenthetwokindsofwisdom,thespeculativeandthepractical,sophiaandprudentia…TheapprehensionofsophiawasthegoalofPlato’sphilosopher;theacquisitionofprudentia—whichbeginswiththeintimationthattheGood,theTrue,andtheBeautifulareone—isthequestofthevirhonestus.Fielding’sintentioninTomJonesistodemonstratethenature,function,andrelationshipofthesecorrelativeethicalconcepts.
I.Prudence:TheFunctionofAmbiguity Prudence(togetherwiththemoreorlesssynonymousworddiscretion)isthecentralethicalconceptofTomJones.Thetermrecursandreverberatesthroughoutthenovel,acquiringsomethingofthequalityandfunctionofamusicalmotif.Yetitsmeaningsarecuriouslyambivalent:ordingtothecontext,whichFieldingcarefullycontrols,prudenceiseitherthefundamentalvice,subsumingallothers,ortheessentialvirtueofpletelymoralman.Itexists,astheexegeticaltraditionmightexpressit,inmaloetinbono.AttheverystartofthenarrativeBridgetAllworthy,theprudeofeasyvirtue,issaidtoberemarkablefor“herPrudence”and“discreet…inherConduct”(I.ii);butonthelastpageofthenovelTomJoneshimselfisrepresentedasafitpartnerforSophiaonlybecausehehas“byReflexiononhispastFollies,acquiredaDiscretionandPrudenceverymoninoneofhislivelyParts.”Inonesense,prudenceisthesummarizingattributeofBlifil,thevillainofthepiece,anditisthedistinguishingtraitofacrowdedgalleryofmeretriciousandself-interestedcharactersfromeveryrankofsociety—ofDeborahWilkins(I.v,vi),JennyJones(I.ix),Mrs.Seagrim(IV.viii),Mrs.Western(VI.xiv),Partridge(VIII.ix),Mrs.Honour(X.ix),LadyBellaston(XIII.iii,XV.ix).Antithetically,however,theacquisitionofprudenceisrecognized 27 英美小说选读 bythegoodcharactersofthenovel—byAllworthy,Sophia,andultimatelybyJones—astheindispensablerequisiteofthemoralman.“Prudence,”Allworthymaintains,“isindeedtheDutywhichweowetoourselves”(XVIII.x).Sophiaalone,ofallthecharactersinthenovel,ispossessedofprudenceinthispositivesense(XII.x).AndthelackofitinJonesisthesourceofallhis“Calamities”(XVII.i),allhis“miserableDistresses”(XVIII.vi). Referencestoprudence,understoodineitherthepositiveorpejorativesense,maybefoundelsewhereinFielding’swritings;butonlyinTomJonesdoesthewordrecurwithsuchfrequencyandinsistence.Indeed,asIwishtosuggest,Fielding’sintentiontomendthisvirtueaffectedtheveryshapeandcharacterofTomJones:thechoiceandrepresentationoftheprincipalcharacters,anizationofthegeneralmovementofthenarrative,andthecontentofparticularscenesweredeterminedinsignificantwaysinordancewithabroadlyallegoricalsystemdesignedbothtodefinethevirtueofprudenceandtodemonstrateitsessentialrelevancetothemorallife… Prudenceinthispositivesenseisindeed,asAllworthyinsists,“theDutywhichweowetoourselves,”thatself-disciplineandpracticalsagacitywhichFielding’sopen-heartedandimpetuousheromustacquire.ButasTomJoneshashishalf-brotherBlifil,orAmeliahersisterBetty,soeveryvirtuehasitscounterfeit,itskindredvicewhichmimicsit.Theresultisakindofsinisterparodyofexcellence.ThusCicerowarnsagainstconfusingfalseprudenceandtrue,avulgarerrorbywhichthecleverhypocrite,bentonlyonpursuinghisownworldlyinterest,passesforawiseanduprightman.Sucharethescoundrelsofthisworldwho—practisedinwhatFieldinglikedtocall“theArtofThriving”—wearthemaskofprudence,separatingmoralrectitudefromexpediency.Itis“wisdom[prudentia],”Cicerowrites,“whichcunning[malitia]seekstocounterfeit,”soasthebettertodupeanduseus.Thedistinctionbetweenthetwoprudences,trueandfalse,isclearlydrawninthispassagefromIsaacBarrow’ssermon,“OftheVirtueandReasonablenessofFaith”: 28 Unit1 HenryFielding Withfaithalsomustconcurthevirtueofprudence;inallitspartsandinstances:thereinisexertedasagacity,discerningthingsastheyreallyareinthemselves,notastheyappearthroughthemasksanddisguisesoffallacioussemblance,wherebytheywoulddeludeus;notsufferingustobeabusedbythegaudyshews,thefalseglosses,thetemptingallurementsofthings;thereinwemustusediscretioninprizingthingsrightly,ordingtotheirtruenatureandintrinsickworth;inchusingthingsreallygood,andrejectingthingstrulyevil,howevereachkindmayseemtoourerroneoussense;thereinwemusthaveagoodprospectextendingitselftothefinalconsequencesofthings;sothatlookingoverpresentcontingencieswedescrywhatcertainlywillbefalusthroughthecourseofeternalages. Infaithisexercisedthatprudence,whichguidethandpromptethustowalkbythebestrules,toactinthebestmanner,toapplythebestmeans,towardsattainmentofthebestends. Theprudenceoffaithisindeedtheonlyprudenceconsiderable;allotherprudenceregardingobjectsverylowandignoble,tendingtodesignsverymean,orbase,havingfruitsverypoororvain;tobewiseaboutaffairsofthislife(thesefleeting,theseempty,thesedeceitfulshadows)isasorrywisdom;tobewiseinpurveyingfortheflesh,isthewisdomofabeast,whichiswiseenoughtoprogforitssustenance;tobewiseingratifyingfancy,isthewisdomofachild,whocaneasilyentertainandpleasehimselfwithtrifles;tobewiseincontrivingmischief,orembroilingthings,isthewisdomofafiend;inwhichtheoldserpent,orgrandpoliticianofhell,dothexceedalltheMachiavelsintheworld;this(asSt.Jamessaith)isearthly,sensual,devilishwisdom;butthewisdomoffaith,orthatwisdom,whichisfromabove,isfirstpure,thenpeaceable;gentle,easytobeentreated,fullofmercyandgoodworks. ThispassagefromFielding’s“favourite”divineprovidesanadmirableglossontheantitheticalmeaningsofprudenceinTomJones, 29 英美小说选读 thoughweneednotconsiderBarrow’ssermona“source”forFielding’sideasonthesubject.Aswehaveseen,theconceptoftrueprudencewasmonplaceamongthosewellreadintheclassicsortheirmentators.So,too,wasthenotionofitsshadowandopposite,falseprudence,the“mockWisdom”ofthisworld.Thisisthecharacteristicofthewhole“tribe”ofhypocritesandpoliticians,ofwhom,asRobertSouthdeclared,Machiavelliwas“thegreatpatronandcoryphoeus.”Thus,inlanguageanticipatingFielding’sanatomyofhypocrisyin“AnEssayontheKnowledgeoftheCharactersofMen,”Tillotsonwarnedthat“Thepoliticiansoftheworld”pretendtowisdom;“buttheirsisratheracraftinessthanawisdom.Mencallitprudence;buttheyaregladtousemanyartstosetitoff,andmakeitlooklikewisdom;bysilence,andsecrecy,andformality,andaffectedgravity,andnods,andgestures.Thescripturecallsit‘thewisdomofthisworld,’ICor.ii.6.anda‘fleshlywisdom,’2Cor.i.12.Itiswisdommisapplied,itisthepursuitofawrongend.”Similarly,BishopHoadlycited“TheInstanceofWisdomandCunning”toillustratehisobservationthat“ThereishardlyanyoneVertue,orExcellence,intheBestPartofMankind,butwhatisattemptedtobeimitated,ormimicked,bySomethingintheWorst;designedtomakethesameAppearance,butinrealityasdistantinNaturefromit,asaShadowfromaSubstance;nay,ascontradictorytoit,asEvilistoGood,orasamonstrousDefectistoPerfectionitself.”Andtoadduceoneotherofmanypossibleexamples,onlyafewmonthsbeforeTomJoneswenttopressanessayby“theMoralist”inHill’sBritishMagazinedefined“thatspeciesofwit,whichwe,todistinguishitfromrealprudence,whoseformitaffectstoappearin,callCunning,”theauthorregrettingthatthe“manyoftenmissthedistinctionbetweenthisshadowofwisdomandwisdomitself;andthevileessfulvillainistoooftensaidtohaverais’dhimselftoallhishappinessandhonoursbyhiswisdom.” This,then,isthepointofFielding’sdeliberatelyambiguoususeoftheterminTomJones:thedifficultyofdistinguishingtrueprudencefrom 30 Unit1 HenryFielding false,wisdomfromcunning.EvenanAllworthycanmistakethecharactersofmen,canfailtoratethepiousdisguisesoftheBlifilsofthisworld.Trueprudence,FieldingwouldassertinAmelia,was“theArtofLife”;falseprudence,hehaddeclaredin“AnEssayontheKnowledgeoftheCharactersofMen,”was“theArtofThriving,”thesignaltalentandvirtueofBlifilandJonathanWild,ofShamelaandStephenGrub,indeedofahostofself-seekinghypocritesandworldlypoliticianswhothreatentodefeatthegood-naturedchildrenofedies,toconfoundhischeerfulvisionofcharityandorder.ThesearetheEnemy,whomhemadeithisbusiness,asironistandasmagistrate,toexposeandpunish. …TheconceptofprudenceinTomJonesisplex,assignificantyetaselusiveasthemeaningofwisdomitself.Thesingletermcarrieswithitatleastthreedistinctmeaningsderivativefromtheethicalandhistoricalcontextswehavebeenexploring:(1)itmaysignifyprudentia,thesupremerationalvirtueoftheChristianhumanisttradition,thatpracticalwisdomwhichTomJones,likethevirhonestus,mustacquire;(2)itmaysignifytheshadowandantithesisofthisvirtue—reasonintheserviceofvillainy—thatmalevolentcunningwhichcharacterizesthehypocriteBlifil;or(3)itmaysignifythatprostituteandself-protectiveexpediency,thatworldlywisdom,which,owingtotheinfluenceofGracian,DeBritaine,Fuller,andtheotherpious-soundingperpetratorsofamiddle-classmorality,replacedthehumanistconceptofprudentiainthepopularmind.Thesearethebasicvariationsonthetheme.ordingtothecontextinTomJones,oneofthesemeaningswillbedominant,buttheothersechointhereader’smemoryeffectingakindofironiccounterpointandultimately,asitwere,testinghisownsenseofvalues,hisownabilitytomakenecessaryethicaldistinctionsbetweengoodsrealormerelyapparent.InBookXII,Chapteriii,Fieldingprotests:“ifwehavenotalltheVirtues,Iwillboldlysay,neitherhavewealltheVicesofaprudent 31 英美小说选读 Character.”ThevicesoftheprudentcharactersinTomJones—ofBlifil,BridgetAllworthy,LadyBellaston,andtheirkind—shouldnowbesufficientlyevident.Thepositivemeaningofprudenceinthenovel,however,isperhapslessobvious,forthevirtuewhichFieldingmendsisessentiallysynthetic,biningtheprudentiaofthephilosopherswithcertainlessignoblefeaturesofthemodernversion.WhatTomJonesfundamentallylacks,ofcourse,isprudentia:moralvisionandself-discipline.AlthoughheintuitivelyperceivesthedifferencebetweenSophiaandthedaughtersofEve,heistoomuchthecreatureofhispassionstobeabletoactuponthatknowledge.Hemovesthroughmittingonegood-naturedindiscretionafteranother,unabletolearnfrompastexperiencesortoforeseethefutureconsequencesofhisrashbehavior.Onlyinprison,atthenadirofhismisfortunes,doesthefullmeaningofhisimprudenceappeartohim.ToMrs.Waters,Jones“lamentedtheFolliesandVicesofwhichhehadbeenguilty;everyoneofwhich,hesaid,hadbeenattendedwithsuchillConsequences,thatheshouldbeunpardonableifhedidnottakeWarning,andquitthoseviciousCoursesforthefuture,”andheconcludeswitha“Resolutiontosinnomore,lestaworseThingshouldhappentohim”(XVII.ix).When,momentslater,heisinformedthatMrs.Waters,thewomanhehadsleptwithatUpton,ishisownmother,Jonesarrivesatlastatthatcrucialmomentofself-awarenesstowardwhichthenovelhasbeenmoving.RejectingPartridge’ssuggestionthatillluckorthedevilhimselfhadcontrivedthisultimatehorror,Fielding’sheroeptshisownresponsibilityforhisfate:“Sure…Fortunewillneverhavedonewithme,‘tillshehathdrivenmetoDistraction.ButwhydoIblameFortune?
IammyselftheCauseofallmyMisery.AllthedreadfulMischiefswhichhavebefallenme,aretheConsequencesonlyofmyownFollyandVice”(XVIII.ii).Hereisatoncetheclimaxandtheresolutionofthethemeofprudentiainthenovel—athemetowhichFieldingwouldreturninAmelia,where,intheintroductorychapter,hepropoundedatlengththelesson 32 Unit1 HenryFielding TomJoneslearned:“Iquestionmuch,whetherwemaynotbynaturalmeansountfortheessofKnaves,theCalamitiesofFools,withalltheMiseriesinwhichMenofSensesometimesinvolvethemselvesbyquittingtheDirectionsofPrudence,andfollowingtheblindGuidanceofapredominantPassion;inshort,foralltheordinaryPhenomenawhichareimputedtoFortune;whom,perhaps,MenusewithnolessAbsurdityinLife,thanabadplainsofillLuckattheGameofChess.”PrudenceinthissenseisthesupremevirtueoftheChristianhumanisttradition,entailingknowledgeanddisciplineoftheselfandtheawarenessthatourlives,ultimately,areshapednotbycircumstances,butbyreasonandthewill.This,Fieldingconcludes,echoingCicero,is“theArtofLife.” AlthoughthisisthefundamentalpositivemeaningofprudenceinTomJones,Fieldingextendstheconcepttomodateanobler,purifiedversionofthatworldlywisdomsoassiduouslyinculcatedbythemoderns.Sincethebusinessoflifewasamatternotsimplyofpreservingthemoralhealthofone’ssoul,butalsoofsurvivinginaworldtooquicktojudgebyappearances,itwasnecessarytohaveaproperregardtoone’sreputation.InMaximXCIXGracianwarnedthat“THINGSarenottakenforwhattheyreallyare,butforwhattheyappeartobe…ItisnotenoughtohaveagoodIntention,iftheActionlookill”(seealsoCXXX),andFuller’sapothegms(forexample,Nos.1425and1590)similarlyemphasizethat“afairReputation”isnecessarytoallmen.Fielding,however,iscarefultodistinguishhisownversionofprudencefromthatofthecynicalproponentsofaself-interesteddissimulation—thosewhocarednotatallforvirtue,butonlyfortheappearanceofvirtue.Good-natureandcharityaretheindispensablequalificationsofFielding’sheroes—ofParsonAdams,Heartfree,TomJones,CaptainBooth—whodemandouraffectiondespitetheirnaiveté,theirfoiblesandindiscretions.ButFieldingwasconcernedthatthegoodmanpreservehisgoodname;otherwisehebecamevulnerabletothemaliciousdesignsofhisenemiesandsubjecttothedisdainofhisfriends.ThedifficultyofdistinguishingtruthfromappearancesisFielding’s 33 英美小说选读 constanttheme:theclassicalprudentiaenablesustomakethesecrucialdiscriminations;prudenceinthemodernsense,ontheotherhand,isinparttheawarenessthatsuchdistinctionsarerarelymadebythegeneralityofmen,thatwearejudgedbyappearancesandmustthereforeconductourselveswithdiscretion.AsearlyasTheChampion(22November1739)Fieldinghadinsistedonthispoint:“Iwould…bynoMeansmendtoMankindtocultivateDeceit,orendeavourtoappearwhattheyarenot;onthecontrary,IwishitwerepossibletoinducetheWorldtomakeadiligentEnquiryintoThingsthemselves,towitholdthemfromgivingtoohastyaCredittotheoutwardShewandfirstImpression;IwouldonlyconvincemyReaders,ThatitisnotenoughtohaveVirtue,withoutwealsotakeCaretopreserve,byacertainDecencyandDignityofBehaviour,theoutwardAppearanceofitalso.”This,too,isthe“veryusefulLesson”FieldingsetsforthinTomJonesforthebenefitofhisyouthfulreaders,whowillfind …thatGoodnessofHeart,andOpennessofTemper,tho’thesemaygivethemgreatComfortwithin,andadministertoanhonestPrideintheirownMinds,willbynoMeans,alas!
dotheirBusinessintheWorld.PrudenceandCircumspectionarenecessaryeventothebestofMen.TheyareindeedasitwereaGuardtoVirtue,withoutwhichshecanneverbesafe.ItisnotenoughthatyourDesigns,naythatyourActions,areintrinsicallygood,youmusttakeCaretheyshallappearso.IfyourInsidebeneversobeautiful,youmustpreserveafairOutsidealso.Thismustbeconstantlylookedto,orMaliceandEnvywilltakeCaretoblackenitso,thattheSagacityandGoodnessofanAllworthywillnotbeabletoseethro’it,andtodiscerntheBeautieswithin.Letthis,myyoungReaders,beyourconstantMaxim,ThatnoMancanbegoodenoughtoenablehimtoneglecttheRulesofPrudence;norwillVirtueherselflookbeautiful,unlessshebebedeckedwiththeoutwardOrnamentsofDecencyandDecorum.(III.vii) LikeVirtueherself,Sophiaisconcernedtopreservehergoodname, 34 Unit1 HenryFielding theoutwardsignofhertruecharacter(XIII.xi).AndAllworthymorethanonceechoeshisauthor’ssentimentsinadvisingJonesthatprudenceis“theDutywhichweowetoourselves”(XVIII.x),thatitis,togetherwithreligion,thesolemeansofputtingthegood-naturedmaninpossessionofthehappinesshedeserves(V.vii). AsthemendationofCharityandChastityistheunderlyingpurposeofFielding’sfirstnovel,JosephAndrews,thedominantethicalconcernofTomJonesistheanatomyofPrudence.Itisaprocessasessentialasthediscriminationofvicefromvirtue,ofselfishnessfromself-discipline,andassignificanttolifeasthepursuitofwisdom.Lackingprudence,TomJonesisapreytohypocritesandknavesandtoooftenthevictimofhisownspontaneities,hisowngenerousimpulsesandextravagancies.ForFieldinginthishisgreatestnovel,virtuewasasmuchamatteroftheunderstandingandthewillasoftheheart.Prudence,heimplies,isthenameeachmangivestothatwisdom,worldlyormoral,whichheprizes.Thisisthefundamentalparadoxofthenovelasoflife.Fielding’srhetoricalstrategy—hisironicuseofthesamewordtoconveyantitheticalmeanings—forcesthereadertoassesshisownsenseofvalues,todistinguishthetruefromthefalse.We,too,areimplicated,asitwere,inTomJones’awkwardprogresstowardthatmostdistantandelusiveofgoals—themarriagewithWisdomherself. II.SophiaandtheFunctionsofEmblem Sinceitisapracticalvirtue,Fieldingmaythusdefineprudence,negativelyandpositively,byassociatingthewordwithvariousexamplesofmoralbehaviorchosentoillustratethosedisparatemeaningsoftheconceptwhichhemeanteithertoridiculeormend.Inactionthe“prudence”ofBlifilorMrs.Westernmaybedistinguishedfromthe“prudence”ofSophia;thedeedtowhichthewordisappliedcontrolsoursenseofFielding’sintention,whetherironicorsincere.Thenatureofspeculativewisdom,ontheotherhand,islesseasilyandeffectively 35 英美小说选读 conveyedbymeansofthecounterpointofwordandaction:sophiawasamysteryevenSocratescoulddescribeonlyfiguratively—amethodtowhichFieldingalludesintheDedicationtoTomJoneswhenheinvokesthePlatonicmetaphorofthe“nakedCharms”ofVirtueimagedasabeautifulwoman.InTomJonesthemeaningofsophiaispresentedtothereaderas“anObjectofSight”inthecharacterofFielding’sheroine. …ThegeneralfigurativestrategyinTomJonesisimplicitinthepassagefromFielding’sparing“Virtue”(i.e.,sophia)toabeautifulwomanandour“trueInterest”(i.e.,prudentia)tothe“Pursuitofher.”AlthoughSophiaWesternisfirstofallacharacterinFielding’snovel,sheisalsotheemblematicredactionofthePlatonicmetaphor.AfterhisexpulsionfromParadiseHall,TomJones’journeyisatfirstaimlessanduncertain:“TheWorld,asMiltonphrasesit,layallbeforehim;andJones,nomorethanAdam,hadanyMantowhomhemightresortforComfortorAssistance”(VII.ii).AfterthecrisisatUpton,however,hispursuitofSophiawillsymbolizehisgradualandpainfulattainmentofprudentia,ofselfknowledgeandclarityofmoralvision.ThemarriageofTomandSophiaisthusthenecessaryandinevitableculminationofFielding’stheme:itisasymbolicunionsignifyingtheindividual’sattainmentoftruewisdom.Toillustratethisquasi-allegoricaldimensionofTomJones,wemayconsider,firstofall,thewaysinwhichFieldingrendersthePlatonicmetaphorofVirtue—inwhichtheideaofsophiaesassociatedwiththegirlSophyWestern.Withoutettinghisheroine’sroleandfunctioninthestoryitself,fromtimetotimeinthecourseofthenarrativeFieldingmakesthereaderawarethatSophia’sbeautyisultimatelythephysicalmanifestationofaspiritualperfectionalmostdivine,thatsheisforhimasforTomJones,theIdeaofVirtueincarnate.LikemuchofedyFielding’sintroductionofSophia“intheSublime”style(IV.ii)isbothplayfulandserious,mockingtheextravaganciesofromancewhileatthesametimeinvokingtheoldvaluesofhonorandvirtuewhich 36 Unit1 HenryFielding romancecelebrates.Byaprocessofallusion—tomythology,art,poetry,andhisownmoreimmediateexperience—Fieldingpresentshisheroineastheidealwoman,therepresentativeofabeautyofformandharmonyofspiritsoabsoluteastobeasortofdivinevitalizingforceinmanandnaturealike.Sheislike“thelovelyFlora,”goddessofspringtime,whomeveryflowerrisestohonorandwhoisthecauseoftheperfectharmonyofthebirdsthatcelebrateherappearance:“FromLoveproceedsyourMusic,andtoLoveitreturns.”HerbeautyexcelsthatoftheVenusdeMedici,thestatueconsideredbyFielding’scontemporariestobe“thestandardofallfemalebeautyandsoftness.”SheistheidealizationinartofhisdeadwifeCharlotte,“whoseImagenevercandepartfrommyBreast.”Butwhatisclearaboveallisthatherbeautyisonlythereflectionofherspiritualnature:“theOutsideofSophia…thisbeautifulFrame,”isbuttheemblemofher“Mind,”whichdiffuses“thatGloryoverherCountenance,whichnoRegularityofFeaturescangive.”LikeElizabethDrury,Donne’sidealwomaninTheAnniversaries,towhomFieldinghereparesher,SophyWesternisalsotheimageandembodimentof“SophiaortheDivineWisdom.” ForJones,ofcourse,Sophiaistheperfectionofbeautyandvirtuethathernameimplies:sheis“myGoddess,”hedeclarestoMrs.Honour;“assuchIwillalwaysworshipandadoreherwhileIhaveBreath”(IV.xiv).Andhecanscarcelythinkofherexceptintermsofdivinityitself:hestandsinaweofher“heavenlyTemper”and“divineGoodness”(V.vi);sheishis“dear…divineAngel”(XVIII.xii).Suchsentimentsare,tobesure,theusualeffusionsandhyperboleoftheadolescentlover,buttheyworktogethernonethelesstoreinforcethereader’ssenseofSophy’sperfections.Inanswertothelandlady’sinsipiddescriptionofhismistressas“asweetyoungCreature,”Jonessuppliesatruerdefinition,applyingtoSophiaaloneJaffeir’sapostrophetoWomaninVenicePreserved(I.i): “AsweetCreature!
”criesJones,“OHeavens!
” 37 英美小说选读 Angelsarepaintedfairtolooklikeher.There’sinherallthatwebelieveofHeaven,AmazingBrightness,PurityandTruth,EternalJoy,andeverlastingLove.(VIII.ii) Likehisauthor,JonesinsiststhatSophia’sphysicalbeautyisonlytheimperfectmanifestationofheressentialspiritualnature.Itisher“charmingIdea”thathedoatson(XIII.xi).Thus,whenhisfriendNightingaleinquiresifsheis“honourable,”Jonesproteststhathervirtuesaresodazzlingastodriveallmeanerconsiderationsfromhisthoughts;itisnotherbodybutthespiritualrealityitexpresseswhichdemandshislove: “Honourable?
”answeredJones…“ThesweetestAirisnotpurer,thelimpidStreamnotclearerthanherHonour.Sheisallover,bothinMindandBody,consummatePerfection.SheisthemostbeautifulCreatureintheUniverse;andyetsheisMistressofsuchnoble,elevatedQualities,thatthoughsheisneverfrommyThoughts,IscarceeverthinkofherBeauty;butwhenIseeit.”(XV.ix) TwiceduringthenovelFieldingsymbolicallydramatizesthedistinctionhewisheshisreaderstomakebetweenthegirlSophyWesternandher“Idea”—thatis,inaPlatonicsense,thementalimageorformofthatessentialspiritualBeautyofwhichhisheroine’slovelyfaceisbutanimperfectmanifestation.AsSocrateshadregrettedthatmortaleyeswereabletobeholdonlytheshadowofsophia,reflectedasinaglassdarkly,soFieldingusestheconventionalemblemofthemirrortodramatizethenatureofhisallegory,todemonstratethatwhatisultimatelyimportantaboutSophiaisnotherphysicalcharms,butherspiritualreality.Theuseofthemirrorasanemblemofthemind’spowerstoconceptualizeandabstractmonamongiconographers.“TheGlass,”writesmentatoruponRipa’semblems,“whereinweseenorealImages,isa 38 Unit1 HenryFielding ResemblanceofourIntellect;whereinwephancymanyIdeasofThingsthatarenotseen”;orit“denotesAbstraction,thatistosay,byidents,whichtheprehends;theestoknowtheirNature,aswe,byseeingtheidentalFormsofThingsinaGlass,considertheirEssence.”Fieldingintroducesthisemblematthemomentwhenhishero,havingpursuedSophiafromUpton,isreunitedwithherinLadyBellaston’stownhouse(XIII.xi).Thefirstsightthelovershaveofeachotherisoftheirimagesreflectedinamirror: …SophiaexpectingtofindnooneintheRoom,camehastilyin,andwentdirectlytoaGlasswhichalmostfrontedher,withoutoncelookingtowardstheupperEndoftheRoom,wheretheStatueofJonesnowstoodmotionless.—InthisGlassitwas,aftercontemplatingherownlovelyFace,thatshefirstdiscoveredthesaidStatue;wheninstantlyturningabout,sheperceivedtheRealityoftheVision… ThevisioninthemirrorthathasmomentarilyturnedJonestoastatueisthevisibleprojectionoftheidealimageofSophiahehascarriedinhismind.Whateverhisindiscretions,heassuresherthathis“Heartwasneverunfaithful”:“ThoughIdespairedofpossessingyou,nay,almostofeverseeingyoumore,IdoatedstillonyourcharmingIdea,andcouldseriouslylovenootherWoman.” Stillclearer,perhaps,isFielding’suseofthemirroremblemtowardthecloseofthenovel(XVIII.xii),inascenedesignedbothtostresstheallegoricalidentityofSophiaandtodramatizeSocrates’declarationinthePhaedrusthat“wisdomwouldarouseterriblelove,ifsuchaclearimageofitweregrantedasethroughthesight.”But,asFieldingobservedinTheChampion(5July1740),fewthereare“whoseEyesareabletobeholdTruthwithoutaGlass.”Protestingthat“NoRepentancewasevermoresincere,”andpleadingthathiscontrition“reconcile”himtohis“HeaveninthisdearBosom,”JonesattemptstoeSophia’sdoubts 39 英美小说选读 astohissinceritybymakingherconfrontthevisionofherownbeautyandvirtuereflectedinamirror.Tobeholdandpossessnottheimagemerely,buttherealityitself,would,asSocrateshadsaid,converteventhemostinveteratereprobatetotheloveofvirtue: [Jones]replied,“Don’tbelievemeuponmyWord;IhaveabetterSecurity,aPledgeformyConstancy,whichitisimpossibletoseeandtodoubt.”“Whatisthat?
”saidSophia,alittlesurprized.“Iwillshowyou,mycharmingAngel,”criedJones,seizingherHand,andcarryinghertotheGlass.“There,beholditthereinthatlovelyFigure,inthatFace,thatShape,thoseEyes,thatMindwhichshinesthroughtheseEyes:CantheManwhoshallbeinPossessionofthesebeinconstant?
Impossible!
mySophia:TheywouldfixaDorimant,aLordRochester.Youcouldnotdoubtit,ifyoucouldseeyourselfwithanyEyesbutyourown.”Sophiablushed,andhalfsmiled;butforcingagainherBrowintoaFrown,“IfIamtojudge,”saidshe,“ofthefuturebythepast,myImagewillnomoreremaininyourHeartwhenIamoutofyourSight,thanitwillinthisGlasswhenIamoutoftheRoom.”“ByHeaven,byallthatissacred,”saidJones,“itneverwasoutofmyHeart.” Suchpassagesdemandtobereadonmorethanonelevel:SophyWestern’simageintheglassistheliteralizingofthePlatonicmetaphor,thedramatizationofFielding’smeaninginthebroadlyallegoricalschemeofthenovel.Ultimately,hertrueidentityisideal,anabstraction. WithintheparadigmaticuniverseofTomJones—inwhichthevaluesofFielding’sChristianhumanismaresystematicallyrenderedandenacted—SophyWesternisbothcynosureandavatar,thecontrollingcenterofthethemeofVirtueanditsincarnation.Thoughsheis,aboveall,thewomanthatTomloves,sheisalso,asFielding’sDedicationimplies,theemblemandembodimentofthatidealWisdomhernamesignifies.WithoutherParadiseHallandthecountryfromwhichTomhasbeendrivenareunbearable,meaningless(XII.iii)—anEdenemptyofgrace.To 40 Unit1 HenryFielding winherinmarriageisthesupremeredemptiveact,adivinedispensationwhichforJones,asforeveryman,restoresjoyandordertoatroubledworld:“TocallSophiamineisthegreatest…BlessingwhichHeavencanbestow”(XVIII.x).ButforoneofJones’passionatenaturetheconditionsuponwhichshemaybewonareexacting,nothingless,indeed,thantheacquisitionofprudentia:Tommustperfecthis“Understanding,”asSophiaherselfinsists(XI.vii),mustlearnnotonlytodistinguishbetweenthevaluesofthespiritandthoseoftheflesh,betweenthetrueandthefalse,buttodisciplinehiswillsothatthisknowledgemaygovernhislife.Havinglearnedthislessonatlast,JonesisabletowithstandtheblandishmentsofsuchsirensasMrs.Fitzpatrick,for,asthenarratorobserves,“hiswholeThoughtswerenowsoconfinedtohisSophia,thatIbelievenoWomanuponEarthcouldhavenowdrawnhimintoanActofInconstancy”(XVI.ix).Ontheeveoftheirwedding,aspanyofbridesandgroomsconvenes,Sophiaisrevealedpresidingoverthefeastofvirtuouslove,eclipsingthebeautyofthewomen,adoredbyeveryman:she“satattheTablelikeaQueenreceivingHomage,orratherlikeasuperiourBeingreceivingAdorationfromallaroundher.ButitwasanAdorationwhichtheygave,notwhichsheexacted:ForshewasasmuchdistinguishedbyherModestyandAffability,asbyallherotherPerfections”(XVIII.xiii).InitswaynotunlikethebanquetofSocrates,theweddingdinnerofTomandSophiacelebratesthepowerofBeautyandVirtue.Inthelightofsuchpassages,Jones’“Quest”for“hislovelySophia”(X.vii)takesonasymbolicdimension:itisthedramatizationofFielding’sexpressedconcerninthenoveltoconvince“Men,thattheirtrueInterestdirectsthemtoaPursuitof[Virtue].” …AfinalillustrationofFielding’semblematicartinTomJoneswillservetoreturnustothethemeofWisdom.Asinpresentingthe“Idea”ofsophia,Fielding,atonesignificantmomentinthenovel,alsodrewuponconventionaliconologicaltechniquesinordervisuallytoproject 41 英美小说选读 themeaningofprudentia.ThesceneursattheopeningofBookIX,Chapterii,asTomJonescontemplatestheprospectfromMazardHill.Structurally,thesceneholdsacrucialpositionbetweenthenarrativeoftheOldManoftheHillandthepivotaleventsatUpton;thematically,itistheemblematicstatementofthenatureoftrueprudenceandofTom’sprogressalongthewaytoacquiringthatvirtue.Fielding’sbasicdevicewasentirelyfamiliar.Wewillrecallthatitwasconventionalforpoetsandphilosophersaliketotranslatethenotionoftheprudentman’sintellectualapprehensionofpast,present,andfutureintophysicalandspatialterms:tolookinthedirectionfromwhenceoneeistocontemplatethemeaningofthepast;tolookinthedirectiononeisgoingistoconsiderwhatthefutureholdsinstore.TheiconologyofPrudencetraditionallyrepresentedthisvirtueinthelikenessofafigurewithtwo(orthree)faces—one,oftenthefaceofanoldman,lookingtotheleftorbehind;theother,thatofayoungmanorwoman,lookingtotherightorahead.Titian’sAllegoryofPrudence—thesymbolismofwhichProfessorPanofskyhasbrilliantlyexplicated—depictsaheadwiththreefacesandbearsaLatininscriptionreading:“Theprudentmanoftodayprofitsfrompastexperienceinordernottoimperilthefuture.”FollowingthedesignbyCaesarRipa,whoseIconologia(1593)wasthestandardworkwellintotheeighteenthcentury,mostemblematistsrepresentedPrudencewithtwofaces,whileretainingthesenseofTitian’ssymbolism.eRichardsonexplainsthesignificanceofthedesignasfollows:“Theancientshaverepresentedthisvirtuewithtwofaces,theoneyoung,andtheotherold,toindicatethatprudenceisacquiredbyconsiderationofthingspast,andaforesightofthosee.”Thepersistenceofthismetaphor,associatingPrudencewiththevisionofdistantthings,isfurthersuggestedbyPope’spersonificationofthisvirtueinTheDunciad(1.49),wheretheimageofPrudencewithherperspectiveglasswasdrawnfromadifferent,butobviouslyrelated,iconologicaltradition. Aswehavealreadyremarked,whatTomJonesmustacquirebefore 42 Unit1 HenryFielding heisreadytomarrySophiaandreturntothecountryof,hisbirthisprudence—theabilitytolearnfrompastexperience,bothhisownandothers’,soastodistinguishthetruefromthefalseandtoestimatethefutureconsequencesofhispresentbehavior.ToinvoketheAristoteliannotionofthe“ThreeAgesofMan,”atthisjunctureinTom’sprogresstowardmaturityheispresentedwiththeextremealternativesofyouthandage—therashnessandpassionwhichcharacterizehisownadolescence,andwhichdefineallthatismostandleastadmirableabouthim,asopposedtothecowardlycynicismoftheOldManoftheHill.HavingheardthewretchedhistoryoftheOldManandrejectedhismisanthropy,Tomhasprofitedfromonelessonthatexperiencehastoteachhim;but,aseventsinUptonwillsoonprove,hehasnotyetmasteredthemoredifficulttestofhisownpastfollies.AsUptonrepresentstheapexoftherisingactionofthenovelandtheturningpointinTom’sprogress,soatthisstageinthenarrativeFielding’sherostandsliterallyatthesummitofahighhill,fromwhichhecansurveythevastterrainthatseparateshimfromhishomeandmistress,and,byfacingintheoppositedirection,regardtheobscureandtangledwoodwhich,itwillappear,containsthewomanwhowillabruptlydislodgeSophiafromhisthoughtsandinvolvehiminthenearfatalconsequencesofhisownimprudence.TheprospectFieldingdescribes,withawarningthatwemaynotfully“understand”it,allegorizesthethemeofprudenceinthenovel,renderingspiritualandtemporalmattersintermsofphysicalandspatialanalogues:theviewsouthwardtoward“Home”representingthemeaningofthepast,theviewnorthwardtowardthedarkwoodimagingtheproblemofthefuture.AstheOldManshrewdlyremarkstohispanion:“IperceivenowtheObjectofyourContemplationisnotwithinyourSight”: AuroranowfirstopenedherCasement,Anglicè,theDaybegantobreak,whenJoneswalkedforthinCompanywiththeStranger,andmountedMazardHill;ofwhichtheyhadnosoonergainedtheSummit, 43 英美小说选读 thanoneofthemostnobleProspectsintheWorldpresenteditselftotheirView,andwhichwewouldlikewisepresenttotheReader;butfortwoReasons.First,WedespairofmakingthosewhohaveseenthisProspect,admireourDescription.Secondly,Weverymuchdoubtwhetherthose,whohavenotseenit,wouldunderstandit. JonesstoodforsomeMinutesfixedinonePosture,anddirectinghisEyestowardstheSouth;uponwhichtheoldGentlemanasked,WhathewaslookingatwithsomuchAttention?
“Alas,Sir,”answeredhewithaSigh,“IwasendeavouringtotraceoutmyownJourneyhither.GoodHeavens!
whataDistanceisGloucesterfromus!
WhatavastTractofLandmustbebetweenmeandmyownHome.”“Ay,ay,youngGentleman,”criestheother,“and,byyourSighing,fromwhatyoulovebetterthanyourownHome,orIammistaken.IperceivenowtheObjectofyourContemplationisnotwithinyourSight,andyetIfancyyouhaveaPleasureinlookingthatWay.”JonesansweredwithaSmile,“Ifind,oldFriend,youhavenotyetottheSensationsofyouryouth.—IownmyThoughtswereemployedasyouhaveguessed. ” TheynowwalkedtothatPartoftheHillwhichlookstotheNorthWest,andwhichhangsoveravastandextensiveWood.Heretheywerenosoonerarrived,thantheyheardataDistancethemostviolentScreamsofaWoman,proceedingfromtheWoodbelowthem.JoneslistenedaMoment,andthen,withoutsayingaWordtohisCompanion(forindeedtheasionseemedsufficientlypressing)ran,orratherslid,downtheHill,andwithouttheleastApprehensionorConcernforhisownSafety,madedirectlytotheThicketwhencetheSoundhadissued. urringmidwaythroughJones’journey—andthroughhisprogresstowardmaturity,towardtheacquisitionofprudence—thesceneMazardHillistheemblematicprojectionofFielding’stheme.ThepastanditsmeaningareplainandcleartoJones,butnotplainandclearenough;thefutureisobscureandtangled,fraughtwithsuddenandunforeseendangers.Sophiaisabruptlysupplantedinhisthoughtsbythe 44 Unit1 HenryFielding moreimmediateappealofanotherwoman,inwhosearmsatUptonTomwillet,forthemomentatleast,thelessonofhispastfolliesandtheclaimsofhistruemistress.ItishisaffairwithJennyJonesatUptonthatwillresultinhisestrangementfromSophiaand,eventually,intheanxiousknowledgethathisbehavior,howevergenerousandgallant,hasapparentlyinvolvedhiminthesinofincest.WhatTomseeslookingsouthfromMazardHillreassuresusabouthisessentialhealthofspirit,aboutthosevaluesheultimatelycherishes.Hisprecipitousdescent,however,reflectsthosequalitiesofcharacterwhicharebothhisgreateststrengthandhisweakness:ontheonehand,courageandselflessness,promptinghimtotheassistanceofinjuredfrailty;ontheother,thatrashnesswhichisthesourceofhisvulnerabilityasamoralagent. Despitethenumberofilluminatingstudiesinrecentyears,thetechnicalresourcesofFielding’sartasanovelisthavenotyetbeenfullydisclosed,norhaveweasyetadequatelyappreciatedthedegreetowhichFieldingappliedthedevicesofhiscrafttomunicationofhisseriousconcernsasamoralist.IfthestructureofTomJonesanicinanAristoteliansense—asProfessorCranehasshownittobe—itisalsoschematic,theexpressionthroughemblem,parable,andsignificantdesignofFielding’scontrollingthemes.IfTomJonesistheplayfulcelebrationofthefeastoflife—asAndrewWrighthasinsisted—itisalsotheexpressioninartofFielding’sChristianvision.Thewaysinwhichsuchdevicesasambiguity,allegory,andemblemfunctiontogethertodefinethethemeofWisdominthenovelmaybetakenasonemoremeasureofFielding’sintentionandhisachievement. 题解/AbouttheSelection 本选文的作者MartinC.Battestin是当代西方学术界研究菲尔丁的权威。
他认为菲尔丁的小说主题常常探讨一些诸如慈善、纯洁、崇高等概 45 英美小说选读 念的真正含义，而《弃儿汤姆·琼斯传》的主题之一则是针对“智慧”（sophia）的真正意义展开的。
本篇选文中，MartinC.Battestin从语义模糊性（verbalambiguity）和象征手法（emblem）两方面探讨了何谓菲尔丁倡导的真正的“智慧”。
在第一部分对语义模糊性方面的分析中，Battestin选取了小说中高频率出现的“prudence”一词，指出小说中正反面角色都具备“prudence”的特质，原因就在其语义模糊性。
小说中此词意义大致有三：
1.人道主义传统中至高的理性美德，经验世界里不可或缺的“智慧”；
2.唯利是图的理性，邪恶的狡猾；
3.中产阶级道德观偷换了“prudence”在人道主义传统中的概念，是世俗的理性，但求自保的权宜之计。
这其中只有一个意义是菲尔丁所赞同的，但另外两个含义与此含义形成了反讽的对立，质问着读者的价值取向。
在第二部分象征手法方面，Battestin认为小说的女主人公就是智慧的象征，是美德的化身；Tom对Sophia的追求就是他对智慧的追求；他与Sophia的结合则象征性地体现着他最终获得了智慧。
文学术语/LiteraryTerms icepicinprose（散文体喜剧史诗）InhisPrefacetoJosephAndrews,HenryFieldingusheredinhisnew literaryform:“Now,icromanceisicepic-poeminprose;differingedy,astheseriousepicfromtragedy:itsactionbeingmoreextendedprehensive;containingamuchlargercircleofincidents,andintroducingagreatervarietyofcharacters.Itdiffersfromtheseriousromanceinitsfableandaction,inthis;thatasintheonethesearegraveandsolemn,sointheothertheyarelightandridiculous:itdiffersinitscharacters,byintroducingpersonsofinferiorrank,andconsequently,ofinferiormanners,whereasthegraveromancesetsthehighestbeforeus:lastlyinitssentimentsanddiction,bypreservingthe 46 Unit1 HenryFielding ludicrousinsteadofthesublime.InthedictionIthink,burlesqueitselfmaybesometimesadmitted.” InhisstudyRiseoftheNovel,IanWattwrote,“HenryFielding’scelebratedformulaof‘icepicinprose’undoubtedlylendssomeauthoritytotheviewthat,farfrombeingtheuniqueliteraryexpressionofmodernsociety,thenovelisessentiallyacontinuationofaveryoldandhonorednarrativetradition.…Itisevidentthatsincetheepicwasthefirstexampleofanarrativeformonalargescaleandofaseriouskind,itisreasonablethatitshouldgiveitsnametothegeneralcategorywhichcontainsallsuchworks:andinthissenseofthetermthenovelmaybesaidtobeoftheepickind.Onecanperhapsgofurther,and,likeHegel,regardthenovelasamanifestationofthespiritofepicundertheimpactofamodernandprosaicconceptofreality.Nevertheless,itissurelyevidentthattheactualsimilaritiesareofsuchatheoreticalandabstractnaturethatonecannotmakemuchofthemwithoutneglectingmostofthespecificliterarycharacteristicsofthetwoforms:theepicis,afterall,anoralandpoeticgenredealingwiththepublicandusuallyremarkabledeedsofhistoricalorlegendarypersonsengagedinacollectiveratherthananindividualenterprise;andnoneofthesethingscanbesaidofthenovel.” Atmosphere（基调） Atmosphereisthegeneralpervasivefeelingarousedbythevariousfactorsinapieceoffiction,suchassetting,character,theme,andthelike;thegeneraleffectofthehandlingofthetotalwork.Thereisagooddealofoverlappingandvaguenessabouttheuseoftwoterms:atmosphereandtone.Considerationsofthemetaphoricaloriginofthetwotermsmaybehelpfulhere.Tonerefersultimatelytotheauthor’sattitude(thetoneofvoiceofaspeakerasqualifyingwhatheorshesays)towardwhatisbeingpresented,whereasatmospherereferstothegeneralqualificationprovidedbythematerialsthemselves. 47 英美小说选读 参考书目/References
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J.Paul.BeforeNovels:TheCulturalContextsofEighteenth- CenturyEnglishFiction.NewYork:Norton,1990.8.Rawson,Claude,ed.TheCambridgeCompaniontoHenryFielding. Cambridge:CambridgeUP,2007.9.Watt,Ian.TheRiseoftheNovel:StudiesinDefoe,Richardsonand Fielding.1957.BerkeleyandLosAngeles:UofCaliforniaP,2001.10.韩加明．菲尔丁研究．北京：北京大学出版社，2010.11.刘意青．英国18世纪文学史．北京：外语教学与研究出版社， 2006． 48